Exam               : Technician
Element            : 2
Effective          : 'July 1, 2018'
Expires            : 'June 30, 2022'
Copyright          : '2018 Herb Weiner <herbw@wiskit.com>'
License            : 'Creative Commons-Attribution-ShareAlike https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/us'
MaxSubelementLen   : 124
MaxGroupLen        : 308

Subelements:

- Subelement         : T1
  sDescription       : 'FCC Rules, Descriptions, and Definitions For The Amateur Radio Service, Operator and Station License Responsibilities'
  nExpectedGroups    : 6
  nExpectedQuestions : 67
  Groups             :

  - Group              : T1A
    gDescription       : 'Amateur Radio Service: purpose and permissible use of the Amateur Radio Service, operator/primary station license grant; Meanings of basic terms used in FCC rules; Interference; RACES rules; Phonetics; Frequency Coordinator'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T1A01
      Question       : 'Which of the following is a purpose of the Amateur Radio Service as stated in the FCC rules and regulations?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Providing personal radio communications for as many citizens as possible
      - Text         : 'Providing communications for international non-profit organizations'
      - Text         : Advancing skills in the technical and communication phases of the radio art
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.1

    - Name           : T1A02
      Question       : 'Which agency regulates and enforces the rules for the Amateur Radio Service in the United States?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : FEMA
      - Text         : Homeland Security
      - Text         : The FCC
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.1

    - Name           : T1A03
      Question       : 'What are the FCC rules regarding the use of a phonetic alphabet for station identification in the Amateur Radio Service?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : It is required when transmitting emergency messages
      - Text         : It is prohibited
      - Text         : It is required when in contact with foreign stations
      - Text         : It is encouraged

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.119(b)(2)

    - Name           : T1A04
      Question       : 'How many operator/primary station license grants may be held by any one person?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : One
      - Text         : No more than two
      - Text         : One for each band on which the person plans to operate
      - Text         : One for each permanent station location from which the person plans to operate

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.5(b)(1)

    - Name           : T1A05
      Question       : 'What is proof of possession of an FCC-issued operator/primary license grant?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : A printed operator/primary station license issued by the FCC must be displayed at the transmitter site
      - Text         : The control operator must have an operator/primary station license in his or her possession when in control of a transmitter
      - Text         : "The control operator's operator/primary station license must appear in the FCC ULS consolidated licensee database"
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.7

    - Name           : T1A06
      Question       : 'What is the FCC Part 97 definition of a beacon?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : A government transmitter marking the amateur radio band edges
      - Text         : A bulletin sent by the FCC to announce a national emergency
      - Text         : An amateur station transmitting communications for the purposes of observing propagation or related experimental activities
      - Text         : A continuous transmission of weather information authorized in the amateur bands by the National Weather Service

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.3(a)(9)

    - Name           : T1A07
      Question       : 'What is the FCC Part 97 definition of a space station?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Any satellite orbiting the earth
      - Text         : A manned satellite orbiting the earth
      - Text         : "An amateur station located more than 50 km above the Earth's surface"
      - Text         : An amateur station using amateur radio satellites for relay of signals

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.3(a)(41)

    - Name           : T1A08
      Question       : 'Which of the following entities recommends transmit/receive channels and other parameters for auxiliary and repeater stations?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Frequency Spectrum Manager appointed by the FCC
      - Text         : Volunteer Frequency Coordinator recognized by local amateurs
      - Text         : FCC Regional Field Office
      - Text         : International Telecommunications Union

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.3(a)(22)

    - Name           : T1A09
      Question       : 'Who selects a Frequency Coordinator?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The FCC Office of Spectrum Management and Coordination Policy
      - Text         : The local chapter of the Office of National Council of Independent Frequency Coordinators
      - Text         : Amateur operators in a local or regional area whose stations are eligible to be repeater or auxiliary stations
      - Text         : FCC Regional Field Office

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.3(a)(22)

    - Name           : T1A10
      Question       : 'Which of the following describes the Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (RACES)?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : A radio service using amateur frequencies for emergency management or civil defense communications
      - Text         : A radio service using amateur stations for emergency management or civil defense communications
      - Text         : An emergency service using amateur operators certified by a civil defense organization as being enrolled in that organization
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : '97.3(a)(38), 97.407'

    - Name           : T1A11
      Question       : 'When is willful interference to other amateur radio stations permitted?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : To stop another amateur station which is breaking the FCC rules
      - Text         : At no time
      - Text         : When making short test transmissions
      - Text         : 'At any time, stations in the Amateur Radio Service are not protected from willful interference'

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.101 (d)

  - Group              : T1B
    gDescription       : 'Authorized frequencies: frequency allocations; ITU; emission modes; restricted sub-bands; spectrum sharing; transmissions near band edges; contacting the International Space Station; power output'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T1B01
      Question       : 'What is the International Telecommunications Union (ITU)?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : An agency of the United States Department of Telecommunications Management
      - Text         : A United Nations agency for information and communication technology issues
      - Text         : An independent frequency coordination agency
      - Text         : A department of the FCC

    - Name           : T1B02
      Question       : 'Which amateur radio stations may make contact with an amateur radio station on the International Space Station (ISS) using 2 meter and 70 cm band frequencies?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Only members of amateur radio clubs at NASA facilities
      - Text         : 'Any amateur holding a Technician or higher-class license'
      - Text         : "Only the astronaut's family members who are hams"
      - Text         : Contacts with the ISS are not permitted on amateur radio frequencies

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : '97.301, 97.207(c)'

    - Name           : T1B03
      Question       : 'Which frequency is within the 6 meter amateur band?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 49.00 MHz
      - Text         : 52.525 MHz
      - Text         : 28.50 MHz
      - Text         : 222.15 MHz

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.301(a)

    - Name           : T1B04
      Question       : 'Which amateur band are you using when your station is transmitting on 146.52 MHz?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 2 meter band
      - Text         : 20 meter band
      - Text         : 14 meter band
      - Text         : 6 meter band

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.301(a)

    - Name           : T1B05
      Question       : 'What is the limitation for emissions on the frequencies between 219 and 220 MHz?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Spread spectrum only
      - Text         : Fixed digital message forwarding systems only
      - Text         : Emergency traffic only
      - Text         : 'Fast-scan television only'

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.305(c)

    - Name           : T1B06
      Question       : 'On which HF bands does a Technician class operator have phone privileges?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : None
      - Text         : 10 meter band only
      - Text         : '80 meter, 40 meter, 15 meter and 10 meter bands'
      - Text         : 30 meter band only

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : '97.301(e), 97.305'

    - Name           : T1B07
      Question       : 'Which of the following VHF/UHF frequency ranges are limited to CW only?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 50.0 MHz to 50.1 MHz and 144.0 MHz to 144.1 MHz
      - Text         : 219 MHz to 220 MHz and 420.0 MHz to 420.1 MHz
      - Text         : 902.0 MHz to 902.1 MHZ
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : '97.305(a), (c)'

    - Name           : T1B08
      Question       : 'Which of the following is a result of the fact that the Amateur Radio Service is secondary in all or portions of some amateur bands (such as portions of the 70 cm band)?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'U.S. amateurs may find non-amateur stations in those portions, and must avoid interfering with them'
      - Text         : U.S. amateurs must give foreign amateur stations priority in those portions
      - Text         : International communications are not permitted in those portions
      - Text         : Digital transmissions are not permitted in those portions

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.303

    - Name           : T1B09
      Question       : 'Why should you not set your transmit frequency to be exactly at the edge of an amateur band or sub-band?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : To allow for calibration error in the transmitter frequency display
      - Text         : So that modulation sidebands do not extend beyond the band edge
      - Text         : To allow for transmitter frequency drift
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : '97.101(a), 97.301(a-e)'

    - Name           : T1B10
      Question       : 'Which of the following HF bands have frequencies available to the Technician class operator for RTTY and data transmissions?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : '10 meter, 12 meter, 17 meter, and 40 meter bands'
      - Text         : '10 meter, 15 meter, 40 meter, and 80 meter bands'
      - Text         : 30 meter band only
      - Text         : 10 meter band only

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : '97.301(e), 97.305(c)'

    - Name           : T1B11
      Question       : 'What is the maximum peak envelope power output for Technician class operators using their assigned portions of the HF bands?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 200 watts
      - Text         : 100 watts
      - Text         : 50 watts
      - Text         : 10 watts

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.313

    - Name           : T1B12
      Question       : 'Except for some specific restrictions, what is the maximum peak envelope power output for Technician class operators using frequencies above 30 MHz?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 50 watts
      - Text         : 100 watts
      - Text         : 500 watts
      - Text         : 1500 watts

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.313(b)

  - Group              : T1C
    gDescription       : 'Operator licensing: operator classes; sequential and vanity call sign systems; international communications; reciprocal operation; places where the Amateur Radio Service is regulated by the FCC; name and address on FCC license database; license term; renewal; grace period'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T1C01
      Question       : 'For which license classes are new licenses currently available from the FCC?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Novice, Technician, General, Advanced'
      - Text         : 'Technician, Technician Plus, General, Advanced'
      - Text         : 'Novice, Technician Plus, General, Advanced'
      - Text         : 'Technician, General, Amateur Extra'

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : '97.9(a), 97.17(a)'

    - Name           : T1C02
      Question       : 'Who may select a desired call sign under the vanity call sign rules?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Only a licensed amateur with a General or Amateur Extra class license
      - Text         : Only a licensed amateur with an Amateur Extra class license
      - Text         : Only a licensed amateur who has been licensed continuously for more than 10 years
      - Text         : Any licensed amateur

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.19

    - Name           : T1C03
      Question       : 'What types of international communications is an FCC-licensed amateur radio station permitted to make?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Communications incidental to the purposes of the Amateur Radio Service and remarks of a personal character
      - Text         : Communications incidental to conducting business or remarks of a personal nature
      - Text         : 'Only communications incidental to contest exchanges, all other communications are prohibited'
      - Text         : Any communications that would be permitted by an international broadcast station

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.117

    - Name           : T1C04
      Question       : 'When are you allowed to operate your amateur station in a foreign country?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : When the foreign country authorizes it
      - Text         : When there is a mutual agreement allowing third party communications
      - Text         : When authorization permits amateur communications in a foreign language
      - Text         : 'When you are communicating with non-licensed individuals in another country'

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.107

    - Name           : T1C05
      Question       : 'Which of the following is a valid call sign for a Technician class amateur radio station?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : K1XXX
      - Text         : KA1X
      - Text         : W1XX
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T1C06
      Question       : 'From which of the following locations may an FCC-licensed amateur station transmit?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : From within any country that belongs to the International Telecommunications Union
      - Text         : From within any country that is a member of the United Nations
      - Text         : From anywhere within International Telecommunications Union (ITU) Regions 2 and 3
      - Text         : From any vessel or craft located in international waters and documented or registered in the United States

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.5(a)(2)

    - Name           : T1C07
      Question       : 'What may result when correspondence from the FCC is returned as undeliverable because the grantee failed to provide and maintain a correct mailing address with the FCC?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Fine or imprisonment
      - Text         : Revocation of the station license or suspension of the operator license
      - Text         : 'Require the licensee to be re-examined'
      - Text         : A reduction of one rank in operator class

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.23

    - Name           : T1C08
      Question       : 'What is the normal term for an FCC-issued primary station/operator amateur radio license grant?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Five years
      - Text         : Life
      - Text         : Ten years
      - Text         : Twenty years

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.25

    - Name           : T1C09
      Question       : 'What is the grace period following the expiration of an amateur license within which the license may be renewed?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Two years
      - Text         : Three years
      - Text         : Five years
      - Text         : Ten years

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.21(a)(b)

    - Name           : T1C10
      Question       : 'How soon after passing the examination for your first amateur radio license may you operate a transmitter on an Amateur Radio Service frequency?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Immediately
      - Text         : 30 days after the test date
      - Text         : "As soon as your operator/station license grant appears in the FCC's license database"
      - Text         : You must wait until you receive your license in the mail from the FCC

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.5a

    - Name           : T1C11
      Question       : 'If your license has expired and is still within the allowable grace period, may you continue to operate a transmitter on Amateur Radio Service frequencies?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'No, transmitting is not allowed until the FCC license database shows that the license has been renewed'
      - Text         : 'Yes, but only if you identify using the suffix GP'
      - Text         : 'Yes, but only during authorized nets'
      - Text         : 'Yes, for up to two years'

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.21(b)

  - Group              : T1D
    gDescription       : 'Authorized and prohibited transmission: communications with other countries; music; exchange of information with other services; indecent language; compensation for use of station; retransmission of other amateur signals; codes and ciphers; sale of equipment; unidentified transmissions; one-way transmission'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T1D01
      Question       : 'With which countries are FCC-licensed amateur radio stations prohibited from exchanging communications?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Any country whose administration has notified the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) that it objects to such communications
      - Text         : Any country whose administration has notified the American Radio Relay League (ARRL) that it objects to such communications
      - Text         : Any country engaged in hostilities with another country
      - Text         : Any country in violation of the War Powers Act of 1934

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.111(a)(1)

    - Name           : T1D02
      Question       : 'Under which of the following circumstances may an amateur radio station make one-way transmissions?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Under no circumstances
      - Text         : 'When transmitting code practice, information bulletins, or transmissions necessary to provide emergency communications'
      - Text         : 'At any time, as long as no music is transmitted'
      - Text         : 'At any time, as long as the material being transmitted did not originate from a commercial broadcast station'

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : '97.113(b),97.111(b)'

    - Name           : T1D03
      Question       : 'When is it permissible to transmit messages encoded to hide their meaning?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Only during contests
      - Text         : Only when operating mobile
      - Text         : Only when transmitting control commands to space stations or radio control craft
      - Text         : Only when frequencies above 1280 MHz are used

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : '97.211(b), 97.215(b), 97.114(a)(4)'

    - Name           : T1D04
      Question       : 'Under what conditions is an amateur station authorized to transmit music using a phone emission?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : When incidental to an authorized retransmission of manned spacecraft communications
      - Text         : When the music produces no spurious emissions
      - Text         : When the purpose is to interfere with an illegal transmission
      - Text         : When the music is transmitted above 1280 MHz

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : '97.113(a)(4), 97.113(c)'

    - Name           : T1D05
      Question       : 'When may amateur radio operators use their stations to notify other amateurs of the availability of equipment for sale or trade?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : When the equipment is normally used in an amateur station and such activity is not conducted on a regular basis
      - Text         : When the asking price is $100.00 or less
      - Text         : When the asking price is less than its appraised value
      - Text         : When the equipment is not the personal property of either the station licensee or the control operator or their close relatives

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.113(a)(3)(ii)

    - Name           : T1D06
      Question       : 'What, if any, are the restrictions concerning transmission of language that may be considered indecent or obscene?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The FCC maintains a list of words that are not permitted to be used on amateur frequencies
      - Text         : Any such language is prohibited
      - Text         : The ITU maintains a list of words that are not permitted to be used on amateur frequencies
      - Text         : There is no such prohibition

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.113(a)(4)

    - Name           : T1D07
      Question       : 'What types of amateur stations can automatically retransmit the signals of other amateur stations?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Auxiliary, beacon, or Earth stations'
      - Text         : 'Repeater, auxiliary, or space stations'
      - Text         : 'Beacon, repeater, or space stations'
      - Text         : 'Earth, repeater, or space stations'

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.113(d)

    - Name           : T1D08
      Question       : 'In which of the following circumstances may the control operator of an amateur station receive compensation for operating that station?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : "When the communication is related to the sale of amateur equipment by the control operator's employer"
      - Text         : When the communication is incidental to classroom instruction at an educational institution
      - Text         : When the communication is made to obtain emergency information for a local broadcast station
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.113(a)(3)(iii)

    - Name           : T1D09
      Question       : 'Under which of the following circumstances are amateur stations authorized to transmit signals related to broadcasting, program production, or news gathering, assuming no other means is available?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Only where such communications directly relate to the immediate safety of human life or protection of property
      - Text         : Only when broadcasting communications to or from the space shuttle
      - Text         : Only where noncommercial programming is gathered and supplied exclusively to the National Public Radio network
      - Text         : Only when using amateur repeaters linked to the internet

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.113(5)(b)

    - Name           : T1D10
      Question       : 'What is the meaning of the term broadcasting in the FCC rules for the Amateur Radio Service?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Two-way transmissions by amateur stations'
      - Text         : Transmission of music
      - Text         : Transmission of messages directed only to amateur operators
      - Text         : Transmissions intended for reception by the general public

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.3(a)(10)

    - Name           : T1D11
      Question       : 'When may an amateur station transmit without on-the-air identification?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : When the transmissions are of a brief nature to make station adjustments
      - Text         : When the transmissions are unmodulated
      - Text         : When the transmitted power level is below 1 watt
      - Text         : When transmitting signals to control model craft

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.119(a)

  - Group              : T1E
    gDescription       : 'Control operator and control types: control operator required; eligibility; designation of control operator; privileges and duties; control point; local, automatic and remote control; location of control operator'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T1E01
      Question       : 'When is an amateur station permitted to transmit without a control operator?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'When using automatic control, such as in the case of a repeater'
      - Text         : When the station licensee is away and another licensed amateur is using the station
      - Text         : When the transmitting station is an auxiliary station
      - Text         : Never

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.7(a)

    - Name           : T1E02
      Question       : 'Who may be the control operator of a station communicating through an amateur satellite or space station?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Only an Amateur Extra Class operator
      - Text         : A General class or higher licensee who has a satellite operator certification
      - Text         : Only an Amateur Extra Class operator who is also an AMSAT member
      - Text         : Any amateur whose license privileges allow them to transmit on the satellite uplink frequency

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : '97.301, 97.207(c)'

    - Name           : T1E03
      Question       : 'Who must designate the station control operator?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The station licensee
      - Text         : The FCC
      - Text         : The frequency coordinator
      - Text         : The ITU

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.103(b)

    - Name           : T1E04
      Question       : 'What determines the transmitting privileges of an amateur station?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The frequency authorized by the frequency coordinator
      - Text         : The frequencies printed on the license grant
      - Text         : The highest class of operator license held by anyone on the premises
      - Text         : The class of operator license held by the control operator

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.103(b)

    - Name           : T1E05
      Question       : 'What is an amateur station control point?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : "The location of the station's transmitting antenna"
      - Text         : The location of the station transmitting apparatus
      - Text         : The location at which the control operator function is performed
      - Text         : The mailing address of the station licensee

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.3(a)(14)

    - Name           : T1E06
      Question       : 'When, under normal circumstances, may a Technician class licensee be the control operator of a station operating in an exclusive Amateur Extra class operator segment of the amateur bands?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : At no time
      - Text         : When operating a special event station
      - Text         : 'As part of a multi-operator contest team'
      - Text         : When using a club station whose trustee is an Amateur Extra class operator licensee

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.301

    - Name           : T1E07
      Question       : 'When the control operator is not the station licensee, who is responsible for the proper operation of the station?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : All licensed amateurs who are present at the operation
      - Text         : Only the station licensee
      - Text         : Only the control operator
      - Text         : The control operator and the station licensee are equally responsible

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.103(a)

    - Name           : T1E08
      Question       : 'Which of the following is an example of automatic control?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Repeater operation
      - Text         : Controlling the station over the internet
      - Text         : Using a computer or other device to send CW automatically
      - Text         : Using a computer or other device to identify automatically

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : '97.3(a)(6), 97.205(d)'

    - Name           : T1E09
      Question       : 'Which of the following is true of remote control operation?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The control operator must be at the control point
      - Text         : A control operator is required at all times
      - Text         : The control operator indirectly manipulates the controls
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.109(c)

    - Name           : T1E10
      Question       : 'Which of the following is an example of remote control as defined in Part 97?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Repeater operation
      - Text         : Operating the station over the internet
      - Text         : 'Controlling a model aircraft, boat, or car by amateur radio'
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.3(a)(39)

    - Name           : T1E11
      Question       : 'Who does the FCC presume to be the control operator of an amateur station, unless documentation to the contrary is in the station records?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The station custodian
      - Text         : 'The third-party participant'
      - Text         : The person operating the station equipment
      - Text         : The station licensee

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.103(a)

  - Group              : T1F
    gDescription       : 'Station identification; repeaters; third-party communications; club stations; FCC inspection'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T1F01
      Question       : 'When must the station licensee make the station and its records available for FCC inspection?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : At any time ten days after notification by the FCC of such an inspection
      - Text         : At any time upon request by an FCC representative
      - Text         : Only after failing to comply with an FCC notice of violation
      - Text         : Only when presented with a valid warrant by an FCC official or government agent

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.103(c)

    - Name           : T1F02
      Question       : 'When using tactical identifiers such as "Race Headquarters" during a community service net operation, how often must your station transmit the station''s FCC-assigned call sign?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Never, the tactical call is sufficient'
      - Text         : Once during every hour
      - Text         : At the end of each communication and every ten minutes during a communication
      - Text         : At the end of every transmission

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.119 (a)

    - Name           : T1F03
      Question       : 'When is an amateur station required to transmit its assigned call sign?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'At the beginning of each contact, and every 10 minutes thereafter'
      - Text         : At least once during each transmission
      - Text         : At least every 15 minutes during and at the end of a communication
      - Text         : At least every 10 minutes during and at the end of a communication

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.119(a)

    - Name           : T1F04
      Question       : 'Which of the following is an acceptable language to use for station identification when operating in a phone sub-band?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Any language recognized by the United Nations
      - Text         : Any language recognized by the ITU
      - Text         : The English language
      - Text         : 'English, French, or Spanish'

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.119(b)(2)

    - Name           : T1F05
      Question       : 'What method of call sign identification is required for a station transmitting phone signals?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Send the call sign followed by the indicator RPT
      - Text         : Send the call sign using a CW or phone emission
      - Text         : Send the call sign followed by the indicator R
      - Text         : Send the call sign using only a phone emission

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.119(b)(2)

    - Name           : T1F06
      Question       : 'Which of the following formats of a self-assigned indicator is acceptable when identifying using a phone transmission?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : KL7CC stroke W3
      - Text         : KL7CC slant W3
      - Text         : KL7CC slash W3
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.119(c)

    - Name           : T1F07
      Question       : 'Which of the following restrictions apply when a non-licensed person is allowed to speak to a foreign station using a station under the control of a Technician class control operator?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The person must be a U.S. citizen
      - Text         : 'The foreign station must be one with which the U.S. has a third-party agreement'
      - Text         : The licensed control operator must do the station identification
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.115(a)(2)

    - Name           : T1F08
      Question       : 'What is meant by the term Third Party Communications?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : A message from a control operator to another amateur station control operator on behalf of another person
      - Text         : Amateur radio communications where three stations are in communications with one another
      - Text         : Operation when the transmitting equipment is licensed to a person other than the control operator
      - Text         : Temporary authorization for an unlicensed person to transmit on the amateur bands for technical experiments

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.3(a)(47)

    - Name           : T1F09
      Question       : 'What type of amateur station simultaneously retransmits the signal of another amateur station on a different channel or channels?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Beacon station
      - Text         : Earth station
      - Text         : Repeater station
      - Text         : Message forwarding station

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.3(a)(40)

    - Name           : T1F10
      Question       : 'Who is accountable should a repeater inadvertently retransmit communications that violate the FCC rules?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The control operator of the originating station
      - Text         : The control operator of the repeater
      - Text         : The owner of the repeater
      - Text         : Both the originating station and the repeater owner

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.205(g)

    - Name           : T1F11
      Question       : 'Which of the following is a requirement for the issuance of a club station license grant?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The trustee must have an Amateur Extra class operator license grant
      - Text         : The club must have at least four members
      - Text         : The club must be registered with the American Radio Relay League
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.5(b)(2)

- Subelement         : T2
  sDescription       : Operating Procedures
  nExpectedGroups    : 3
  nExpectedQuestions : 38
  Groups             :

  - Group              : T2A
    gDescription       : 'Station operation: choosing an operating frequency; calling another station; test transmissions; procedural signs; use of minimum power; choosing an operating frequency; band plans; calling frequencies; repeater offsets'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T2A01
      Question       : 'Which of the following is a common repeater frequency offset in the 2 meter band?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Plus or minus 5 MHz
      - Text         : Plus or minus 600 kHz
      - Text         : Plus or minus 500 kHz
      - Text         : Plus or minus 1 MHz

    - Name           : T2A02
      Question       : 'What is the national calling frequency for FM simplex operations in the 2 meter band?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 146.520 MHz
      - Text         : 145.000 MHz
      - Text         : 432.100 MHz
      - Text         : 446.000 MHz

    - Name           : T2A03
      Question       : 'What is a common repeater frequency offset in the 70 cm band?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Plus or minus 5 MHz
      - Text         : Plus or minus 600 kHz
      - Text         : Plus or minus 500 kHz
      - Text         : Plus or minus 1 MHz

    - Name           : T2A04
      Question       : 'What is an appropriate way to call another station on a repeater if you know the other station''s call sign?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Say "break, break," then say the station''s call sign'
      - Text         : 'Say the station''s call sign, then identify with your call sign'
      - Text         : 'Say "CQ" three times, then the other station''s call sign'
      - Text         : 'Wait for the station to call CQ, then answer it'

    - Name           : T2A05
      Question       : 'How should you respond to a station calling CQ?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Transmit "CQ" followed by the other station''s call sign'
      - Text         : "Transmit your call sign followed by the other station's call sign"
      - Text         : "Transmit the other station's call sign followed by your call sign"
      - Text         : Transmit a signal report followed by your call sign

    - Name           : T2A06
      Question       : 'Which of the following is required when making on-the-air test transmissions?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Identify the transmitting station
      - Text         : Conduct tests only between 10 p.m. and 6 a.m. local time
      - Text         : Notify the FCC of the transmissions
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T2A07
      Question       : 'What is meant by "repeater offset?"'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : "The difference between a repeater's transmit frequency and its receive frequency"
      - Text         : The repeater has a time delay to prevent interference
      - Text         : The repeater station identification is done on a separate frequency
      - Text         : The number of simultaneous transmit frequencies used by a repeater

    - Name           : T2A08
      Question       : 'What is the meaning of the procedural signal "CQ"?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Call on the quarter hour
      - Text         : A new antenna is being tested (no station should answer)
      - Text         : Only the called station should transmit
      - Text         : Calling any station

    - Name           : T2A09
      Question       : 'What brief statement indicates that you are listening on a repeater and looking for a contact?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'The words "Hello test" followed by your call sign'
      - Text         : Your call sign
      - Text         : The repeater call sign followed by your call sign
      - Text         : 'The letters "QSY" followed by your call sign'

    - Name           : T2A10
      Question       : 'What is a band plan, beyond the privileges established by the FCC?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : A voluntary guideline for using different modes or activities within an amateur band
      - Text         : A mandated list of operating schedules
      - Text         : A list of scheduled net frequencies
      - Text         : A plan devised by a club to indicate frequency band usage

    - Name           : T2A11
      Question       : 'What term describes an amateur station that is transmitting and receiving on the same frequency?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Full duplex
      - Text         : Diplex
      - Text         : Simplex
      - Text         : Multiplex

    - Name           : T2A12
      Question       : 'Which of the following is a guideline when choosing an operating frequency for calling CQ?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Listen first to be sure that no one else is using the frequency
      - Text         : Ask if the frequency is in use
      - Text         : Make sure you are in your assigned band
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

  - Group              : T2B
    gDescription       : 'VHF/UHF operating practices: SSB phone; FM repeater; simplex; splits and shifts; CTCSS; DTMF; tone squelch; carrier squelch; phonetics; operational problem resolution; Q signals'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T2B01
      Question       : 'What is the most common use of the "reverse split" function of a VHF/UHF transceiver?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Reduce power output
      - Text         : Increase power output
      - Text         : "Listen on a repeater's input frequency"
      - Text         : "Listen on a repeater's output frequency"

    - Name           : T2B02
      Question       : 'What term describes the use of a sub-audible tone transmitted along with normal voice audio to open the squelch of a receiver?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Carrier squelch
      - Text         : Tone burst
      - Text         : DTMF
      - Text         : CTCSS

    - Name           : T2B03
      Question       : 'If a station is not strong enough to keep a repeater''s receiver squelch open, which of the following might allow you to receive the station''s signal?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Open the squelch on your radio
      - Text         : Listen on the repeater input frequency
      - Text         : Listen on the repeater output frequency
      - Text         : Increase your transmit power

    - Name           : T2B04
      Question       : 'Which of the following could be the reason you are unable to access a repeater whose output you can hear?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Improper transceiver offset
      - Text         : The repeater may require a proper CTCSS tone from your transceiver
      - Text         : The repeater may require a proper DCS tone from your transceiver
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T2B05
      Question       : 'What might be the problem if a repeater user says your transmissions are breaking up on voice peaks?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : You have the incorrect offset
      - Text         : You need to talk louder
      - Text         : You are talking too loudly
      - Text         : Your transmit power is too high

    - Name           : T2B06
      Question       : 'What type of tones are used to control repeaters linked by the Internet Relay Linking Project (IRLP) protocol?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : DTMF
      - Text         : CTCSS
      - Text         : EchoLink
      - Text         : 'Sub-audible'

    - Name           : T2B07
      Question       : 'How can you join a digital repeater''s "talk group"?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Register your radio with the local FCC office
      - Text         : "Join the repeater owner's club"
      - Text         : "Program your radio with the group's ID or code"
      - Text         : Sign your call after the courtesy tone

    - Name           : T2B08
      Question       : 'Which of the following applies when two stations transmitting on the same frequency interfere with each other?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Common courtesy should prevail, but no one has absolute right to an amateur frequency'
      - Text         : Whoever has the strongest signal has priority on the frequency
      - Text         : Whoever has been on the frequency the longest has priority on the frequency
      - Text         : The station that has the weakest signal has priority on the frequency

    - Name           : T2B09
      Question       : 'What is a "talk group" on a DMR digital repeater?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : A group of operators sharing common interests
      - Text         : A way for groups of users to share a channel at different times without being heard by other users on the channel
      - Text         : 'A protocol that increases the signal-to-noise ratio when multiple repeaters are linked together'
      - Text         : A net that meets at a particular time

    - Name           : T2B10
      Question       : 'Which Q signal indicates that you are receiving interference from other stations?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : QRM
      - Text         : QRN
      - Text         : QTH
      - Text         : QSB

    - Name           : T2B11
      Question       : 'Which Q signal indicates that you are changing frequency?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : QRU
      - Text         : QSY
      - Text         : QSL
      - Text         : QRZ

    - Name           : T2B12
      Question       : 'Why are simplex channels designated in the VHF/UHF band plans?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : So that stations within mutual communications range can communicate without tying up a repeater
      - Text         : For contest operation
      - Text         : For working DX only
      - Text         : So that stations with simple transmitters can access the repeater without automated offset

    - Name           : T2B13
      Question       : 'Where may SSB phone be used in amateur bands above 50 MHz?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Only in sub-bands allocated to General class or higher licensees'
      - Text         : Only on repeaters
      - Text         : In at least some portion of all these bands
      - Text         : On any band as long as power is limited to 25 watts

    - Name           : T2B14
      Question       : 'Which of the following describes a linked repeater network?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : A network of repeaters where signals received by one repeater are repeated by all the repeaters
      - Text         : A repeater with more than one receiver
      - Text         : Multiple repeaters with the same owner
      - Text         : A system of repeaters linked by APRS

  - Group              : T2C
    gDescription       : 'Public service: emergency and non-emergency operations; applicability of FCC rules; RACES and ARES; net and traffic procedures; operating restrictions during emergencies'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T2C01
      Question       : 'When do the FCC rules NOT apply to the operation of an amateur station?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : When operating a RACES station
      - Text         : When operating under special FEMA rules
      - Text         : When operating under special ARES rules
      - Text         : 'Never, FCC rules always apply'

      ExplanationSource     : FCC
      ExplanationReference  : 97.103(a)

    - Name           : T2C02
      Question       : 'What is meant by the term "NCS" used in net operation?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Nominal Control System
      - Text         : Net Control Station
      - Text         : National Communications Standard
      - Text         : Normal Communications Syntax

    - Name           : T2C03
      Question       : 'What should be done when using voice modes to ensure that voice messages containing unusual words are received correctly?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Send the words by voice and Morse code
      - Text         : Speak very loudly into the microphone
      - Text         : Spell the words using a standard phonetic alphabet
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T2C04
      Question       : 'What do RACES and ARES have in common?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : They represent the two largest ham clubs in the United States
      - Text         : Both organizations broadcast road and weather information
      - Text         : Neither may handle emergency traffic supporting public service agencies
      - Text         : Both organizations may provide communications during emergencies

    - Name           : T2C05
      Question       : 'What does the term "traffic" refer to in net operation?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Formal messages exchanged by net stations
      - Text         : The number of stations checking in and out of a net
      - Text         : Operation by mobile or portable stations
      - Text         : Requests to activate the net by a served agency

    - Name           : T2C06
      Question       : 'Which of the following is an accepted practice to get the immediate attention of a net control station when reporting an emergency?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Repeat "SOS" three times followed by the call sign of the reporting station'
      - Text         : 'Press the push-to-talk button three times'
      - Text         : 'Begin your transmission by saying "Priority" or "Emergency" followed by your call sign'
      - Text         : 'Play a pre-recorded emergency alert tone followed by your call sign'

    - Name           : T2C07
      Question       : 'Which of the following is an accepted practice for an amateur operator who has checked into a net?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Provided that the frequency is quiet, announce the station call sign and location every 5 minutes'
      - Text         : "Move 5 kHz away from the net's frequency and use high power to ask other hams to keep clear of the net frequency"
      - Text         : Remain on frequency without transmitting until asked to do so by the net control station
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T2C08
      Question       : 'Which of the following is a characteristic of good traffic handling?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Passing messages exactly as received
      - Text         : Making decisions as to whether messages are worthy of relay or delivery
      - Text         : Ensuring that any newsworthy messages are relayed to the news media
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T2C09
      Question       : 'Are amateur station control operators ever permitted to operate outside the frequency privileges of their license class?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : No
      - Text         : 'Yes, but only when part of a FEMA emergency plan'
      - Text         : 'Yes, but only when part of a RACES emergency plan'
      - Text         : 'Yes, but only if necessary in situations involving the immediate safety of human life or protection of property'

    - Name           : T2C10
      Question       : 'What information is contained in the preamble of a formal traffic message?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The email address of the originating station
      - Text         : The address of the intended recipient
      - Text         : The telephone number of the addressee
      - Text         : The information needed to track the message

    - Name           : T2C11
      Question       : 'What is meant by the term "check," in reference to a formal traffic message?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The number of words or word equivalents in the text portion of the message
      - Text         : The value of a money order attached to the message
      - Text         : A list of stations that have relayed the message
      - Text         : A box on the message form that indicates that the message was received and/or relayed

    - Name           : T2C12
      Question       : 'What is the Amateur Radio Emergency Service (ARES)?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Licensed amateurs who have voluntarily registered their qualifications and equipment for communications duty in the public service
      - Text         : Licensed amateurs who are members of the military and who voluntarily agreed to provide message handling services in the case of an emergency
      - Text         : A training program that provides licensing courses for those interested in obtaining an amateur license to use during emergencies
      - Text         : A training program that certifies amateur operators for membership in the Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service

- Subelement         : T3
  sDescription       : 'Radio Wave Characteristics: Properties of Radio Waves; Propagation Modes'
  nExpectedGroups    : 3
  nExpectedQuestions : 35
  Groups             :

  - Group              : T3A
    gDescription       : 'Radio wave characteristics: how a radio signal travels; fading; multipath; polarization; wavelength vs absorption; antenna orientation'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T3A01
      Question       : 'What should you do if another operator reports that your station''s 2 meter signals were strong just a moment ago, but now they are weak or distorted?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Change the batteries in your radio to a different type
      - Text         : Turn on the CTCSS tone
      - Text         : Ask the other operator to adjust his squelch control
      - Text         : 'Try moving a few feet or changing the direction of your antenna if possible, as reflections may be causing multi-path distortion'

    - Name           : T3A02
      Question       : 'Why might the range of VHF and UHF signals be greater in the winter?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Less ionospheric absorption
      - Text         : Less absorption by vegetation
      - Text         : Less solar activity
      - Text         : Less tropospheric absorption

    - Name           : T3A03
      Question       : 'What antenna polarization is normally used for long-distance weak-signal CW and SSB contacts using the VHF and UHF bands?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Right-hand circular'
      - Text         : 'Left-hand circular'
      - Text         : Horizontal
      - Text         : Vertical

    - Name           : T3A04
      Question       : 'What can happen if the antennas at opposite ends of a VHF or UHF line of sight radio link are not using the same polarization?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The modulation sidebands might become inverted
      - Text         : Signals could be significantly weaker
      - Text         : Signals have an echo effect on voices
      - Text         : Nothing significant will happen

    - Name           : T3A05
      Question       : 'When using a directional antenna, how might your station be able to access a distant repeater if buildings or obstructions are blocking the direct line of sight path?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Change from vertical to horizontal polarization
      - Text         : Try to find a path that reflects signals to the repeater
      - Text         : Try the long path
      - Text         : Increase the antenna SWR

    - Name           : T3A06
      Question       : 'What term is commonly used to describe the rapid fluttering sound sometimes heard from mobile stations that are moving while transmitting?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Flip-flopping'
      - Text         : Picket fencing
      - Text         : Frequency shifting
      - Text         : Pulsing

    - Name           : T3A07
      Question       : 'What type of wave carries radio signals between transmitting and receiving stations?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Electromagnetic
      - Text         : Electrostatic
      - Text         : Surface acoustic
      - Text         : Ferromagnetic

    - Name           : T3A08
      Question       : 'Which of the following is a likely cause of irregular fading of signals received by ionospheric reflection?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Frequency shift due to Faraday rotation
      - Text         : Interference from thunderstorms
      - Text         : Random combining of signals arriving via different paths
      - Text         : Intermodulation distortion

    - Name           : T3A09
      Question       : 'Which of the following results from the fact that skip signals refracted from the ionosphere are elliptically polarized?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Digital modes are unusable
      - Text         : Either vertically or horizontally polarized antennas may be used for transmission or reception
      - Text         : FM voice is unusable
      - Text         : Both the transmitting and receiving antennas must be of the same polarization

    - Name           : T3A10
      Question       : 'What may occur if data signals arrive via multiple paths?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Transmission rates can be increased by a factor equal to the number of separate paths observed
      - Text         : Transmission rates must be decreased by a factor equal to the number of separate paths observed
      - Text         : No significant changes will occur if the signals are transmitted using FM
      - Text         : Error rates are likely to increase

    - Name           : T3A11
      Question       : 'Which part of the atmosphere enables the propagation of radio signals around the world?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The stratosphere
      - Text         : The troposphere
      - Text         : The ionosphere
      - Text         : The magnetosphere

    - Name           : T3A12
      Question       : 'How might fog and light rain affect radio range on the 10 meter and 6 meter bands?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Fog and rain absorb these wavelength bands
      - Text         : Fog and light rain will have little effect on these bands
      - Text         : Fog and rain will deflect these signals
      - Text         : Fog and rain will increase radio range

    - Name           : T3A13
      Question       : 'What weather condition would decrease range at microwave frequencies?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : High winds
      - Text         : Low barometric pressure
      - Text         : Precipitation
      - Text         : Colder temperatures

  - Group              : T3B
    gDescription       : 'Radio and electromagnetic wave properties: the electromagnetic spectrum; wavelength vs frequency; nature and velocity of electromagnetic waves; definition of UHF, VHF, HF bands; calculating wavelength'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T3B01
      Question       : 'What is the name for the distance a radio wave travels during one complete cycle?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Wave speed
      - Text         : Waveform
      - Text         : Wavelength
      - Text         : Wave spread

    - Name           : T3B02
      Question       : 'What property of a radio wave is used to describe its polarization?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The orientation of the electric field
      - Text         : The orientation of the magnetic field
      - Text         : The ratio of the energy in the magnetic field to the energy in the electric field
      - Text         : The ratio of the velocity to the wavelength

    - Name           : T3B03
      Question       : 'What are the two components of a radio wave?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : AC and DC
      - Text         : Voltage and current
      - Text         : Electric and magnetic fields
      - Text         : 'Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation'

    - Name           : T3B04
      Question       : 'How fast does a radio wave travel through free space?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : At the speed of light
      - Text         : At the speed of sound
      - Text         : Its speed is inversely proportional to its wavelength
      - Text         : Its speed increases as the frequency increases

    - Name           : T3B05
      Question       : 'How does the wavelength of a radio wave relate to its frequency?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The wavelength gets longer as the frequency increases
      - Text         : The wavelength gets shorter as the frequency increases
      - Text         : There is no relationship between wavelength and frequency
      - Text         : The wavelength depends on the bandwidth of the signal

    - Name           : T3B06
      Question       : 'What is the formula for converting frequency to approximate wavelength in meters?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Wavelength in meters equals frequency in hertz multiplied by 300
      - Text         : Wavelength in meters equals frequency in hertz divided by 300
      - Text         : Wavelength in meters equals frequency in megahertz divided by 300
      - Text         : Wavelength in meters equals 300 divided by frequency in megahertz

    - Name           : T3B07
      Question       : 'What property of radio waves is often used to identify the different frequency bands?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The approximate wavelength
      - Text         : The magnetic intensity of waves
      - Text         : The time it takes for waves to travel one mile
      - Text         : The voltage standing wave ratio of waves

    - Name           : T3B08
      Question       : 'What are the frequency limits of the VHF spectrum?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 30 to 300 kHz
      - Text         : 30 to 300 MHz
      - Text         : 300 to 3000 kHz
      - Text         : 300 to 3000 MHz

    - Name           : T3B09
      Question       : 'What are the frequency limits of the UHF spectrum?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 30 to 300 kHz
      - Text         : 30 to 300 MHz
      - Text         : 300 to 3000 kHz
      - Text         : 300 to 3000 MHz

    - Name           : T3B10
      Question       : 'What frequency range is referred to as HF?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 300 to 3000 MHz
      - Text         : 30 to 300 MHz
      - Text         : 3 to 30 MHz
      - Text         : 300 to 3000 kHz

    - Name           : T3B11
      Question       : 'What is the approximate velocity of a radio wave as it travels through free space?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : '150,000 kilometers per second'
      - Text         : '300,000,000 meters per second'
      - Text         : '300,000,000 miles per hour'
      - Text         : '150,000 miles per hour'

  - Group              : T3C
    gDescription       : 'Propagation modes: line of sight; sporadic E; meteor and auroral scatter and reflections; tropospheric ducting; F layer skip; radio horizon'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T3C01
      Question       : 'Why are direct (not via a repeater) UHF signals rarely heard from stations outside your local coverage area?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : They are too weak to go very far
      - Text         : FCC regulations prohibit them from going more than 50 miles
      - Text         : UHF signals are usually not reflected by the ionosphere
      - Text         : UHF signals are absorbed by the ionospheric D layer

    - Name           : T3C02
      Question       : 'Which of the following is an advantage of HF vs VHF and higher frequencies?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : HF antennas are generally smaller
      - Text         : HF accommodates wider bandwidth signals
      - Text         : Long distance ionospheric propagation is far more common on HF
      - Text         : There is less atmospheric interference (static) on HF

    - Name           : T3C03
      Question       : 'What is a characteristic of VHF signals received via auroral reflection?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Signals from distances of 10,000 or more miles are common'
      - Text         : The signals exhibit rapid fluctuations of strength and often sound distorted
      - Text         : These types of signals occur only during winter nighttime hours
      - Text         : These types of signals are generally strongest when your antenna is aimed west

    - Name           : T3C04
      Question       : 'Which of the following propagation types is most commonly associated with occasional strong over-the-horizon signals on the 10, 6, and 2 meter bands?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Backscatter
      - Text         : Sporadic E
      - Text         : D layer absorption
      - Text         : 'Gray-line propagation'

    - Name           : T3C05
      Question       : 'Which of the following effects might cause radio signals to be heard despite obstructions between the transmitting and receiving stations?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Knife-edge diffraction'
      - Text         : Faraday rotation
      - Text         : Quantum tunneling
      - Text         : Doppler shift

    - Name           : T3C06
      Question       : 'What mode is responsible for allowing over-the-horizon VHF and UHF communications to ranges of approximately 300 miles on a regular basis?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Tropospheric ducting
      - Text         : D layer refraction
      - Text         : F2 layer refraction
      - Text         : Faraday rotation

    - Name           : T3C07
      Question       : 'What band is best suited for communicating via meteor scatter?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 10 meter band
      - Text         : 6 meter band
      - Text         : 2 meter band
      - Text         : 70 centimeter band

    - Name           : T3C08
      Question       : 'What causes tropospheric ducting?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Discharges of lightning during electrical storms
      - Text         : Sunspots and solar flares
      - Text         : Updrafts from hurricanes and tornadoes
      - Text         : Temperature inversions in the atmosphere

    - Name           : T3C09
      Question       : 'What is generally the best time for long-distance 10 meter band propagation via the F layer?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : From dawn to shortly after sunset during periods of high sunspot activity
      - Text         : From shortly after sunset to dawn during periods of high sunspot activity
      - Text         : From dawn to shortly after sunset during periods of low sunspot activity
      - Text         : From shortly after sunset to dawn during periods of low sunspot activity

    - Name           : T3C10
      Question       : 'Which of the following bands may provide long distance communications during the peak of the sunspot cycle?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 6 or 10 meter bands
      - Text         : 23 centimeter band
      - Text         : 70 centimeter or 1.25 meter bands
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T3C11
      Question       : 'Why do VHF and UHF radio signals usually travel somewhat farther than the visual line of sight distance between two stations?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Radio signals move somewhat faster than the speed of light
      - Text         : Radio waves are not blocked by dust particles
      - Text         : The Earth seems less curved to radio waves than to light
      - Text         : Radio waves are blocked by dust particles

- Subelement         : T4
  sDescription       : 'Amateur Radio Practices and Station Set-up'
  nExpectedGroups    : 2
  nExpectedQuestions : 24
  Groups             :

  - Group              : T4A
    gDescription       : 'Station setup: connecting microphones; reducing unwanted emissions; power source; connecting a computer; RF grounding; connecting digital equipment; connecting an SWR meter'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T4A01
      Question       : 'What must be considered to determine the minimum current capacity needed for a transceiver power supply?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Efficiency of the transmitter at full power output
      - Text         : Receiver and control circuit power
      - Text         : Power supply regulation and heat dissipation
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T4A02
      Question       : 'How might a computer be used as part of an amateur radio station?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : For logging contacts and contact information
      - Text         : For sending and/or receiving CW
      - Text         : For generating and decoding digital signals
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T4A03
      Question       : 'Why should wiring between the power source and radio be heavy-gauge wire and kept as short as possible?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : To avoid voltage falling below that needed for proper operation
      - Text         : To provide a good counterpoise for the antenna
      - Text         : To avoid RF interference
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T4A04
      Question       : 'Which computer sound card port is connected to a transceiver''s headphone or speaker output for operating digital modes?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Headphone output
      - Text         : Mute
      - Text         : Microphone or line input
      - Text         : PCI or SDI

    - Name           : T4A05
      Question       : 'What is the proper location for an external SWR meter?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'In series with the feed line, between the transmitter and antenna'
      - Text         : "In series with the station's ground"
      - Text         : 'In parallel with the push-to-talk line and the antenna'
      - Text         : 'In series with the power supply cable, as close as possible to the radio'

    - Name           : T4A06
      Question       : 'Which of the following connections might be used between a voice transceiver and a computer for digital operation?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Receive and transmit mode, status, and location'
      - Text         : Antenna and RF power
      - Text         : 'Receive audio, transmit audio, and push-to-talk (PTT)'
      - Text         : NMEA GPS location and DC power

    - Name           : T4A07
      Question       : 'How is a computer''s sound card used when conducting digital communications?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The sound card communicates between the computer CPU and the video display
      - Text         : The sound card records the audio frequency for video display
      - Text         : "The sound card provides audio to the radio's microphone input and converts received audio to digital form"
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T4A08
      Question       : 'Which of the following conductors provides the lowest impedance to RF signals?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Round stranded wire
      - Text         : 'Round copper-clad steel wire'
      - Text         : 'Twisted-pair cable'
      - Text         : Flat strap

    - Name           : T4A09
      Question       : 'Which of the following could you use to cure distorted audio caused by RF current on the shield of a microphone cable?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Band-pass filter'
      - Text         : 'Low-pass filter'
      - Text         : Preamplifier
      - Text         : Ferrite choke

    - Name           : T4A10
      Question       : 'What is the source of a high-pitched whine that varies with engine speed in a mobile transceiver''s receive audio?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The ignition system
      - Text         : The alternator
      - Text         : The electric fuel pump
      - Text         : 'Anti-lock braking system controllers'

    - Name           : T4A11
      Question       : 'Where should the negative return connection of a mobile transceiver''s power cable be connected?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : At the battery or engine block ground strap
      - Text         : At the antenna mount
      - Text         : To any metal part of the vehicle
      - Text         : "Through the transceiver's mounting bracket"

  - Group              : T4B
    gDescription       : 'Operating controls: tuning; use of filters; squelch function; AGC; transceiver operation; memory channels'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T4B01
      Question       : 'What may happen if a transmitter is operated with the microphone gain set too high?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The output power might be too high
      - Text         : The output signal might become distorted
      - Text         : The frequency might vary
      - Text         : The SWR might increase

    - Name           : T4B02
      Question       : 'Which of the following can be used to enter the operating frequency on a modern transceiver?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The keypad or VFO knob
      - Text         : The CTCSS or DTMF encoder
      - Text         : The Automatic Frequency Control
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T4B03
      Question       : 'What is the purpose of the squelch control on a transceiver?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : To set the highest level of volume desired
      - Text         : To set the transmitter power level
      - Text         : To adjust the automatic gain control
      - Text         : To mute receiver output noise when no signal is being received

    - Name           : T4B04
      Question       : 'What is a way to enable quick access to a favorite frequency on your transceiver?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Enable the CTCSS tones
      - Text         : Store the frequency in a memory channel
      - Text         : Disable the CTCSS tones
      - Text         : Use the scan mode to select the desired frequency

    - Name           : T4B05
      Question       : 'Which of the following would reduce ignition interference to a receiver?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Change frequency slightly
      - Text         : Decrease the squelch setting
      - Text         : Turn on the noise blanker
      - Text         : Use the RIT control

    - Name           : T4B06
      Question       : 'Which of the following controls could be used if the voice pitch of a single-sideband signal seems too high or low?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The AGC or limiter
      - Text         : The bandwidth selection
      - Text         : The tone squelch
      - Text         : The receiver RIT or clarifier

    - Name           : T4B07
      Question       : 'What does the term "RIT" mean?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Receiver Input Tone
      - Text         : Receiver Incremental Tuning
      - Text         : Rectifier Inverter Test
      - Text         : Remote Input Transmitter

    - Name           : T4B08
      Question       : 'What is the advantage of having multiple receive bandwidth choices on a multimode transceiver?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Permits monitoring several modes at once
      - Text         : Permits noise or interference reduction by selecting a bandwidth matching the mode
      - Text         : Increases the number of frequencies that can be stored in memory
      - Text         : Increases the amount of offset between receive and transmit frequencies

    - Name           : T4B09
      Question       : 'Which of the following is an appropriate receive filter bandwidth for minimizing noise and interference for SSB reception?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 500 Hz
      - Text         : 1000 Hz
      - Text         : 2400 Hz
      - Text         : 5000 Hz

    - Name           : T4B10
      Question       : 'Which of the following is an appropriate receive filter bandwidth for minimizing noise and interference for CW reception?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 500 Hz
      - Text         : 1000 Hz
      - Text         : 2400 Hz
      - Text         : 5000 Hz

    - Name           : T4B11
      Question       : 'What is the function of automatic gain control, or AGC?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : To keep received audio relatively constant
      - Text         : To protect an antenna from lightning
      - Text         : To eliminate RF on the station cabling
      - Text         : An asymmetric goniometer control used for antenna matching

    - Name           : T4B12
      Question       : 'Which of the following could be used to remove power line noise or ignition noise?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Squelch
      - Text         : Noise blanker
      - Text         : Notch filter
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T4B13
      Question       : 'Which of the following is a use for the scanning function of an FM transceiver?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : To check incoming signal deviation
      - Text         : To prevent interference to nearby repeaters
      - Text         : To scan through a range of frequencies to check for activity
      - Text         : To check for messages left on a digital bulletin board

- Subelement         : T5
  sDescription       : 'Electrical Principles: Math For Electronics; Electronic Principles; Ohm''s Law'
  nExpectedGroups    : 4
  nExpectedQuestions : 57
  Groups             :

  - Group              : T5A
    gDescription       : 'Electrical principles, units, and terms: current and voltage; conductors and insulators; alternating and direct current; series and parallel circuits'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T5A01
      Question       : 'Electrical current is measured in which of the following units?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Volts
      - Text         : Watts
      - Text         : Ohms
      - Text         : Amperes

    - Name           : T5A02
      Question       : 'Electrical power is measured in which of the following units?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Volts
      - Text         : Watts
      - Text         : Ohms
      - Text         : Amperes

    - Name           : T5A03
      Question       : 'What is the name for the flow of electrons in an electric circuit?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Voltage
      - Text         : Resistance
      - Text         : Capacitance
      - Text         : Current

    - Name           : T5A04
      Question       : 'What is the name for a current that flows only in one direction?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Alternating current
      - Text         : Direct current
      - Text         : Normal current
      - Text         : Smooth current

    - Name           : T5A05
      Question       : 'What is the electrical term for the electromotive force (EMF) that causes electron flow?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Voltage
      - Text         : 'Ampere-hours'
      - Text         : Capacitance
      - Text         : Inductance

    - Name           : T5A06
      Question       : 'How much voltage does a mobile transceiver typically require?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : About 12 volts
      - Text         : About 30 volts
      - Text         : About 120 volts
      - Text         : About 240 volts

    - Name           : T5A07
      Question       : 'Which of the following is a good electrical conductor?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Glass
      - Text         : Wood
      - Text         : Copper
      - Text         : Rubber

    - Name           : T5A08
      Question       : 'Which of the following is a good electrical insulator?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Copper
      - Text         : Glass
      - Text         : Aluminum
      - Text         : Mercury

    - Name           : T5A09
      Question       : 'What is the name for a current that reverses direction on a regular basis?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Alternating current
      - Text         : Direct current
      - Text         : Circular current
      - Text         : Vertical current

    - Name           : T5A10
      Question       : 'Which term describes the rate at which electrical energy is used?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Resistance
      - Text         : Current
      - Text         : Power
      - Text         : Voltage

    - Name           : T5A11
      Question       : 'What is the unit of electromotive force?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The volt
      - Text         : The watt
      - Text         : The ampere
      - Text         : The ohm

    - Name           : T5A12
      Question       : 'What describes the number of times per second that an alternating current makes a complete cycle?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Pulse rate
      - Text         : Speed
      - Text         : Wavelength
      - Text         : Frequency

    - Name           : T5A13
      Question       : 'In which type of circuit is current the same through all components?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Series
      - Text         : Parallel
      - Text         : Resonant
      - Text         : Branch

    - Name           : T5A14
      Question       : 'In which type of circuit is voltage the same across all components?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Series
      - Text         : Parallel
      - Text         : Resonant
      - Text         : Branch

  - Group              : T5B
    gDescription       : 'Math for electronics: conversion of electrical units; decibels; the metric system'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T5B01
      Question       : 'How many milliamperes is 1.5 amperes?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 15 milliamperes
      - Text         : 150 milliamperes
      - Text         : 1500 milliamperes
      - Text         : '15,000 milliamperes'

    - Name           : T5B02
      Question       : 'What is another way to specify a radio signal frequency of 1,500,000 hertz?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 1500 kHz
      - Text         : 1500 MHz
      - Text         : 15 GHz
      - Text         : 150 kHz

    - Name           : T5B03
      Question       : 'How many volts are equal to one kilovolt?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'One one-thousandth of a volt'
      - Text         : One hundred volts
      - Text         : One thousand volts
      - Text         : One million volts

    - Name           : T5B04
      Question       : 'How many volts are equal to one microvolt?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'One one-millionth of a volt'
      - Text         : One million volts
      - Text         : One thousand kilovolts
      - Text         : 'One one-thousandth of a volt'

    - Name           : T5B05
      Question       : 'Which of the following is equal to 500 milliwatts?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 0.02 watts
      - Text         : 0.5 watts
      - Text         : 5 watts
      - Text         : 50 watts

    - Name           : T5B06
      Question       : 'If an ammeter calibrated in amperes is used to measure a 3000-milliampere current, what reading would it show?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 0.003 amperes
      - Text         : 0.3 amperes
      - Text         : 3 amperes
      - Text         : '3,000,000 amperes'

    - Name           : T5B07
      Question       : 'If a frequency display calibrated in megahertz shows a reading of 3.525 MHz, what would it show if it were calibrated in kilohertz?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 0.003525 kHz
      - Text         : 35.25 kHz
      - Text         : 3525 kHz
      - Text         : '3,525,000 kHz'

    - Name           : T5B08
      Question       : 'How many microfarads are equal to 1,000,000 picofarads?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 0.001 microfarads
      - Text         : 1 microfarad
      - Text         : 1000 microfarads
      - Text         : '1,000,000,000 microfarads'

    - Name           : T5B09
      Question       : 'What is the approximate amount of change, measured in decibels (dB), of a power increase from 5 watts to 10 watts?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 2 dB
      - Text         : 3 dB
      - Text         : 5 dB
      - Text         : 10 dB

    - Name           : T5B10
      Question       : 'What is the approximate amount of change, measured in decibels (dB), of a power decrease from 12 watts to 3 watts?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : '-1 dB'
      - Text         : '-3 dB'
      - Text         : '-6 dB'
      - Text         : '-9 dB'

    - Name           : T5B11
      Question       : 'What is the amount of change, measured in decibels (dB), of a power increase from 20 watts to 200 watts?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 10 dB
      - Text         : 12 dB
      - Text         : 18 dB
      - Text         : 28 dB

    - Name           : T5B12
      Question       : 'Which of the following frequencies is equal to 28,400 kHz?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 28.400 MHz
      - Text         : 2.800 MHz
      - Text         : 284.00 MHz
      - Text         : 28.400 kHz

    - Name           : T5B13
      Question       : 'If a frequency display shows a reading of 2425 MHz, what frequency is that in GHz?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 0.002425 GHz
      - Text         : 24.25 GHz
      - Text         : 2.425 GHz
      - Text         : 2425 GHz

  - Group              : T5C
    gDescription       : 'Electronic principles: capacitance; inductance; current flow in circuits; alternating current; definition of RF; definition of polarity; DC power calculations; impedance'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T5C01
      Question       : 'What is the ability to store energy in an electric field called?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Inductance
      - Text         : Resistance
      - Text         : Tolerance
      - Text         : Capacitance

    - Name           : T5C02
      Question       : 'What is the basic unit of capacitance?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The farad
      - Text         : The ohm
      - Text         : The volt
      - Text         : The henry

    - Name           : T5C03
      Question       : 'What is the ability to store energy in a magnetic field called?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Admittance
      - Text         : Capacitance
      - Text         : Resistance
      - Text         : Inductance

    - Name           : T5C04
      Question       : 'What is the basic unit of inductance?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The coulomb
      - Text         : The farad
      - Text         : The henry
      - Text         : The ohm

    - Name           : T5C05
      Question       : 'What is the unit of frequency?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Hertz
      - Text         : Henry
      - Text         : Farad
      - Text         : Tesla

    - Name           : T5C06
      Question       : 'What does the abbreviation "RF" refer to?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Radio frequency signals of all types
      - Text         : The resonant frequency of a tuned circuit
      - Text         : The real frequency transmitted as opposed to the apparent frequency
      - Text         : Reflective force in antenna transmission lines

    - Name           : T5C07
      Question       : 'A radio wave is made up of what type of energy?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Pressure
      - Text         : Electromagnetic
      - Text         : Gravity
      - Text         : Thermal

    - Name           : T5C08
      Question       : 'What is the formula used to calculate electrical power in a DC circuit?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Power (P) equals voltage (E) multiplied by current (I)
      - Text         : Power (P) equals voltage (E) divided by current (I)
      - Text         : Power (P) equals voltage (E) minus current (I)
      - Text         : Power (P) equals voltage (E) plus current (I)

    - Name           : T5C09
      Question       : 'How much power is being used in a circuit when the applied voltage is 13.8 volts DC and the current is 10 amperes?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 138 watts
      - Text         : 0.7 watts
      - Text         : 23.8 watts
      - Text         : 3.8 watts

    - Name           : T5C10
      Question       : 'How much power is being used in a circuit when the applied voltage is 12 volts DC and the current is 2.5 amperes?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 4.8 watts
      - Text         : 30 watts
      - Text         : 14.5 watts
      - Text         : 0.208 watts

    - Name           : T5C11
      Question       : 'How many amperes are flowing in a circuit when the applied voltage is 12 volts DC and the load is 120 watts?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 0.1 amperes
      - Text         : 10 amperes
      - Text         : 12 amperes
      - Text         : 132 amperes

    - Name           : T5C12
      Question       : 'What is impedance?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : A measure of the opposition to AC current flow in a circuit
      - Text         : The inverse of resistance
      - Text         : The Q or Quality Factor of a component
      - Text         : The power handling capability of a component

    - Name           : T5C13
      Question       : 'What is a unit of impedance?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Volts
      - Text         : Amperes
      - Text         : Coulombs
      - Text         : Ohms

    - Name           : T5C14
      Question       : 'What is the proper abbreviation for megahertz?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : mHz
      - Text         : mhZ
      - Text         : Mhz
      - Text         : MHz

  - Group              : T5D
    gDescription       : 'Ohm''s Law: formulas and usage; components in series and parallel'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T5D01
      Question       : 'What formula is used to calculate current in a circuit?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Current (I) equals voltage (E) multiplied by resistance (R)
      - Text         : Current (I) equals voltage (E) divided by resistance (R)
      - Text         : Current (I) equals voltage (E) added to resistance (R)
      - Text         : Current (I) equals voltage (E) minus resistance (R)

    - Name           : T5D02
      Question       : 'What formula is used to calculate voltage in a circuit?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Voltage (E) equals current (I) multiplied by resistance (R)
      - Text         : Voltage (E) equals current (I) divided by resistance (R)
      - Text         : Voltage (E) equals current (I) added to resistance (R)
      - Text         : Voltage (E) equals current (I) minus resistance (R)

    - Name           : T5D03
      Question       : 'What formula is used to calculate resistance in a circuit?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) multiplied by current (I)
      - Text         : Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) divided by current (I)
      - Text         : Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) added to current (I)
      - Text         : Resistance (R) equals voltage (E) minus current (I)

    - Name           : T5D04
      Question       : 'What is the resistance of a circuit in which a current of 3 amperes flows through a resistor connected to 90 volts?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 3 ohms
      - Text         : 30 ohms
      - Text         : 93 ohms
      - Text         : 270 ohms

    - Name           : T5D05
      Question       : 'What is the resistance in a circuit for which the applied voltage is 12 volts and the current flow is 1.5 amperes?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 18 ohms
      - Text         : 0.125 ohms
      - Text         : 8 ohms
      - Text         : 13.5 ohms

    - Name           : T5D06
      Question       : 'What is the resistance of a circuit that draws 4 amperes from a 12-volt source?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 3 ohms
      - Text         : 16 ohms
      - Text         : 48 ohms
      - Text         : 8 ohms

    - Name           : T5D07
      Question       : 'What is the current in a circuit with an applied voltage of 120 volts and a resistance of 80 ohms?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 9600 amperes
      - Text         : 200 amperes
      - Text         : 0.667 amperes
      - Text         : 1.5 amperes

    - Name           : T5D08
      Question       : 'What is the current through a 100-ohm resistor connected across 200 volts?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : '20,000 amperes'
      - Text         : 0.5 amperes
      - Text         : 2 amperes
      - Text         : 100 amperes

    - Name           : T5D09
      Question       : 'What is the current through a 24-ohm resistor connected across 240 volts?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : '24,000 amperes'
      - Text         : 0.1 amperes
      - Text         : 10 amperes
      - Text         : 216 amperes

    - Name           : T5D10
      Question       : 'What is the voltage across a 2-ohm resistor if a current of 0.5 amperes flows through it?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 1 volt
      - Text         : 0.25 volts
      - Text         : 2.5 volts
      - Text         : 1.5 volts

    - Name           : T5D11
      Question       : 'What is the voltage across a 10-ohm resistor if a current of 1 ampere flows through it?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 1 volt
      - Text         : 10 volts
      - Text         : 11 volts
      - Text         : 9 volts

    - Name           : T5D12
      Question       : 'What is the voltage across a 10-ohm resistor if a current of 2 amperes flows through it?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 8 volts
      - Text         : 0.2 volts
      - Text         : 12 volts
      - Text         : 20 volts

    - Name           : T5D13
      Question       : 'What happens to current at the junction of two components in series?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : It divides equally between them
      - Text         : It is unchanged
      - Text         : It divides based on the on the value of the components
      - Text         : The current in the second component is zero

    - Name           : T5D14
      Question       : 'What happens to current at the junction of two components in parallel?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : It divides between them dependent on the value of the components
      - Text         : It is the same in both components
      - Text         : Its value doubles
      - Text         : Its value is halved

    - Name           : T5D15
      Question       : 'What is the voltage across each of two components in series with a voltage source?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The same voltage as the source
      - Text         : Half the source voltage
      - Text         : It is determined by the type and value of the components
      - Text         : Twice the source voltage

    - Name           : T5D16
      Question       : 'What is the voltage across each of two components in parallel with a voltage source?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : It is determined by the type and value of the components
      - Text         : Half the source voltage
      - Text         : Twice the source voltage
      - Text         : The same voltage as the source

- Subelement         : T6
  sDescription       : Electrical Components; Circuit Diagrams; Component Functions
  nExpectedGroups    : 4
  nExpectedQuestions : 47
  Groups             :

  - Group              : T6A
    gDescription       : 'Electrical components: fixed and variable resistors; capacitors and inductors; fuses; switches; batteries'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T6A01
      Question       : 'What electrical component opposes the flow of current in a DC circuit?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Inductor
      - Text         : Resistor
      - Text         : Voltmeter
      - Text         : Transformer

    - Name           : T6A02
      Question       : 'What type of component is often used as an adjustable volume control?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Fixed resistor
      - Text         : Power resistor
      - Text         : Potentiometer
      - Text         : Transformer

    - Name           : T6A03
      Question       : 'What electrical parameter is controlled by a potentiometer?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Inductance
      - Text         : Resistance
      - Text         : Capacitance
      - Text         : Field strength

    - Name           : T6A04
      Question       : 'What electrical component stores energy in an electric field?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Resistor
      - Text         : Capacitor
      - Text         : Inductor
      - Text         : Diode

    - Name           : T6A05
      Question       : 'What type of electrical component consists of two or more conductive surfaces separated by an insulator?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Resistor
      - Text         : Potentiometer
      - Text         : Oscillator
      - Text         : Capacitor

    - Name           : T6A06
      Question       : 'What type of electrical component stores energy in a magnetic field?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Resistor
      - Text         : Capacitor
      - Text         : Inductor
      - Text         : Diode

    - Name           : T6A07
      Question       : 'What electrical component usually is constructed as a coil of wire?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Switch
      - Text         : Capacitor
      - Text         : Diode
      - Text         : Inductor

    - Name           : T6A08
      Question       : 'What electrical component is used to connect or disconnect electrical circuits?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Magnetron
      - Text         : Switch
      - Text         : Thermistor
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T6A09
      Question       : 'What electrical component is used to protect other circuit components from current overloads?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Fuse
      - Text         : Capacitor
      - Text         : Inductor
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T6A10
      Question       : 'Which of the following battery types is rechargeable?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Nickel-metal hydride'
      - Text         : 'Lithium-ion'
      - Text         : 'Lead-acid gel-cell'
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T6A11
      Question       : 'Which of the following battery types is not rechargeable?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Nickel-cadmium'
      - Text         : 'Carbon-zinc'
      - Text         : 'Lead-acid'
      - Text         : 'Lithium-ion'

  - Group              : T6B
    gDescription       : 'Semiconductors: basic principles and applications of solid state devices; diodes and transistors'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T6B01
      Question       : 'What class of electronic components uses a voltage or current signal to control current flow?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Capacitors
      - Text         : Inductors
      - Text         : Resistors
      - Text         : Transistors

    - Name           : T6B02
      Question       : 'What electronic component allows current to flow in only one direction?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Resistor
      - Text         : Fuse
      - Text         : Diode
      - Text         : Driven element

    - Name           : T6B03
      Question       : 'Which of these components can be used as an electronic switch or amplifier?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Oscillator
      - Text         : Potentiometer
      - Text         : Transistor
      - Text         : Voltmeter

    - Name           : T6B04
      Question       : 'Which of the following components can consist of three layers of semiconductor material?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Alternator
      - Text         : Transistor
      - Text         : Triode
      - Text         : Pentagrid converter

    - Name           : T6B05
      Question       : 'Which of the following electronic components can amplify signals?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Transistor
      - Text         : Variable resistor
      - Text         : Electrolytic capacitor
      - Text         : 'Multi-cell battery'

    - Name           : T6B06
      Question       : 'How is the cathode lead of a semiconductor diode often marked on the package?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'With the word "cathode"'
      - Text         : With a stripe
      - Text         : With the letter C
      - Text         : With the letter K

    - Name           : T6B07
      Question       : 'What does the abbreviation LED stand for?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Low Emission Diode
      - Text         : Light Emitting Diode
      - Text         : Liquid Emission Detector
      - Text         : Long Echo Delay

    - Name           : T6B08
      Question       : 'What does the abbreviation FET stand for?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Field Effect Transistor
      - Text         : Fast Electron Transistor
      - Text         : Free Electron Transmitter
      - Text         : Frequency Emission Transmitter

    - Name           : T6B09
      Question       : 'What are the names of the two electrodes of a diode?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Plus and minus
      - Text         : Source and drain
      - Text         : Anode and cathode
      - Text         : Gate and base

    - Name           : T6B10
      Question       : 'Which of the following could be the primary gain-producing component in an RF power amplifier?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Transformer
      - Text         : Transistor
      - Text         : Reactor
      - Text         : Resistor

    - Name           : T6B11
      Question       : 'What is the term that describes a device''s ability to amplify a signal?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Gain
      - Text         : Forward resistance
      - Text         : Forward voltage drop
      - Text         : On resistance

  - Group              : T6C
    gDescription       : Circuit diagrams; schematic symbols
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T6C01
      Question       : 'What is the name of an electrical wiring diagram that uses standard component symbols?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Bill of materials
      - Text         : Connector pinout
      - Text         : Schematic
      - Text         : Flow chart

    - Name           : T6C02
      Question       : 'What is component 1 in figure T1?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Resistor
      - Text         : Transistor
      - Text         : Battery
      - Text         : Connector

      Figure         : T1.png

    - Name           : T6C03
      Question       : 'What is component 2 in figure T1?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Resistor
      - Text         : Transistor
      - Text         : Indicator lamp
      - Text         : Connector

      Figure         : T1.png

    - Name           : T6C04
      Question       : 'What is component 3 in figure T1?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Resistor
      - Text         : Transistor
      - Text         : Lamp
      - Text         : Ground symbol

      Figure         : T1.png

    - Name           : T6C05
      Question       : 'What is component 4 in figure T1?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Resistor
      - Text         : Transistor
      - Text         : Battery
      - Text         : Ground symbol

      Figure         : T1.png

    - Name           : T6C06
      Question       : 'What is component 6 in figure T2?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Resistor
      - Text         : Capacitor
      - Text         : Regulator IC
      - Text         : Transistor

      Figure         : T2.png

    - Name           : T6C07
      Question       : 'What is component 8 in figure T2?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Resistor
      - Text         : Inductor
      - Text         : Regulator IC
      - Text         : Light emitting diode

      Figure         : T2.png

    - Name           : T6C08
      Question       : 'What is component 9 in figure T2?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Variable capacitor
      - Text         : Variable inductor
      - Text         : Variable resistor
      - Text         : Variable transformer

      Figure         : T2.png

    - Name           : T6C09
      Question       : 'What is component 4 in figure T2?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Variable inductor
      - Text         : 'Double-pole switch'
      - Text         : Potentiometer
      - Text         : Transformer

      Figure         : T2.png

    - Name           : T6C10
      Question       : 'What is component 3 in figure T3?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Connector
      - Text         : Meter
      - Text         : Variable capacitor
      - Text         : Variable inductor

      Figure         : T3.png

    - Name           : T6C11
      Question       : 'What is component 4 in figure T3?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Antenna
      - Text         : Transmitter
      - Text         : Dummy load
      - Text         : Ground

      Figure         : T3.png

    - Name           : T6C12
      Question       : 'What do the symbols on an electrical schematic represent?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Electrical components
      - Text         : Logic states
      - Text         : Digital codes
      - Text         : Traffic nodes

    - Name           : T6C13
      Question       : 'Which of the following is accurately represented in electrical schematics?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Wire lengths
      - Text         : Physical appearance of components
      - Text         : The way components are interconnected
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

  - Group              : T6D
    gDescription       : 'Component functions: rectification; switches; indicators; power supply components; resonant circuit; shielding; power transformers; integrated circuits'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T6D01
      Question       : 'Which of the following devices or circuits changes an alternating current into a varying direct current signal?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Transformer
      - Text         : Rectifier
      - Text         : Amplifier
      - Text         : Reflector

    - Name           : T6D02
      Question       : 'What is a relay?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'An electrically-controlled switch'
      - Text         : A current controlled amplifier
      - Text         : An optical sensor
      - Text         : A pass transistor

    - Name           : T6D03
      Question       : 'What type of switch is represented by component 3 in figure T2?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Single-pole single-throw'
      - Text         : 'Single-pole double-throw'
      - Text         : 'Double-pole single-throw'
      - Text         : 'Double-pole double-throw'

      Figure         : T2.png

    - Name           : T6D04
      Question       : 'Which of the following displays an electrical quantity as a numeric value?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Potentiometer
      - Text         : Transistor
      - Text         : Meter
      - Text         : Relay

    - Name           : T6D05
      Question       : 'What type of circuit controls the amount of voltage from a power supply?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Regulator
      - Text         : Oscillator
      - Text         : Filter
      - Text         : Phase inverter

    - Name           : T6D06
      Question       : 'What component is commonly used to change 120V AC house current to a lower AC voltage for other uses?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Variable capacitor
      - Text         : Transformer
      - Text         : Transistor
      - Text         : Diode

    - Name           : T6D07
      Question       : 'Which of the following is commonly used as a visual indicator?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : LED
      - Text         : FET
      - Text         : Zener diode
      - Text         : Bipolar transistor

    - Name           : T6D08
      Question       : 'Which of the following is combined with an inductor to make a tuned circuit?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Resistor
      - Text         : Zener diode
      - Text         : Potentiometer
      - Text         : Capacitor

    - Name           : T6D09
      Question       : 'What is the name of a device that combines several semiconductors and other components into one package?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Transducer
      - Text         : 'Multi-pole relay'
      - Text         : Integrated circuit
      - Text         : Transformer

    - Name           : T6D10
      Question       : 'What is the function of component 2 in Figure T1?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Give off light when current flows through it
      - Text         : Supply electrical energy
      - Text         : Control the flow of current
      - Text         : Convert electrical energy into radio waves

      Figure         : T1.png

    - Name           : T6D11
      Question       : 'Which of the following is a resonant or tuned circuit?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : An inductor and a capacitor connected in series or parallel to form a filter
      - Text         : A type of voltage regulator
      - Text         : A resistor circuit used for reducing standing wave ratio
      - Text         : 'A circuit designed to provide high-fidelity audio'

    - Name           : T6D12
      Question       : 'Which of the following is a common reason to use shielded wire?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : To decrease the resistance of DC power connections
      - Text         : To increase the current carrying capability of the wire
      - Text         : To prevent coupling of unwanted signals to or from the wire
      - Text         : To couple the wire to other signals

- Subelement         : T7
  sDescription       : 'Station Equipment: Common Transmitter and Receiver Problems; Antenna Measurements; Troubleshooting; Basic Repair and Testing'
  nExpectedGroups    : 4
  nExpectedQuestions : 47
  Groups             :

  - Group              : T7A
    gDescription       : 'Station equipment: receivers; transmitters; transceivers; modulation; transverters; transmit and receive amplifiers'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T7A01
      Question       : 'Which term describes the ability of a receiver to detect the presence of a signal?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Linearity
      - Text         : Sensitivity
      - Text         : Selectivity
      - Text         : Total Harmonic Distortion

    - Name           : T7A02
      Question       : 'What is a transceiver?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : A type of antenna switch
      - Text         : A unit combining the functions of a transmitter and a receiver
      - Text         : A component in a repeater that filters out unwanted interference
      - Text         : A type of antenna matching network

    - Name           : T7A03
      Question       : 'Which of the following is used to convert a radio signal from one frequency to another?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Phase splitter
      - Text         : Mixer
      - Text         : Inverter
      - Text         : Amplifier

    - Name           : T7A04
      Question       : 'Which term describes the ability of a receiver to discriminate between multiple signals?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Discrimination ratio
      - Text         : Sensitivity
      - Text         : Selectivity
      - Text         : Harmonic distortion

    - Name           : T7A05
      Question       : 'What is the name of a circuit that generates a signal at a specific frequency?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Reactance modulator
      - Text         : Product detector
      - Text         : 'Low-pass filter'
      - Text         : Oscillator

    - Name           : T7A06
      Question       : 'What device converts the RF input and output of a transceiver to another band?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'High-pass filter'
      - Text         : 'Low-pass filter'
      - Text         : Transverter
      - Text         : Phase converter

    - Name           : T7A07
      Question       : 'What is meant by "PTT"?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Pre-transmission tuning to reduce transmitter harmonic emission'
      - Text         : Precise tone transmissions used to limit repeater access to only certain signals
      - Text         : A primary transformer tuner use to match antennas
      - Text         : 'The push-to-talk function that switches between receive and transmit'

    - Name           : T7A08
      Question       : 'Which of the following describes combining speech with an RF carrier signal?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Impedance matching
      - Text         : Oscillation
      - Text         : Modulation
      - Text         : 'Low-pass filtering'

    - Name           : T7A09
      Question       : 'What is the function of the SSB/CW-FM switch on a VHF power amplifier?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Change the mode of the transmitted signal
      - Text         : Set the amplifier for proper operation in the selected mode
      - Text         : Change the frequency range of the amplifier to operate in the proper portion of the band
      - Text         : Reduce the received signal noise

    - Name           : T7A10
      Question       : 'What device increases the low-power output from a handheld transceiver?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : A voltage divider
      - Text         : An RF power amplifier
      - Text         : An impedance network
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T7A11
      Question       : 'Where is an RF preamplifier installed?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Between the antenna and receiver
      - Text         : "At the output of the transmitter's power amplifier"
      - Text         : Between a transmitter and antenna tuner
      - Text         : "At the receiver's audio output"

  - Group              : T7B
    gDescription       : 'Common transmitter and receiver problems: symptoms of overload and overdrive; distortion; causes of interference; interference and consumer electronics; part 15 devices; over-modulation; RF feedback; off frequency signals'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T7B01
      Question       : 'What can you do if you are told your FM handheld or mobile transceiver is over-deviating?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Talk louder into the microphone
      - Text         : Let the transceiver cool off
      - Text         : Change to a higher power level
      - Text         : Talk farther away from the microphone

    - Name           : T7B02
      Question       : 'What would cause a broadcast AM or FM radio to receive an amateur radio transmission unintentionally?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The receiver is unable to reject strong signals outside the AM or FM band
      - Text         : The microphone gain of the transmitter is turned up too high
      - Text         : The audio amplifier of the transmitter is overloaded
      - Text         : The deviation of an FM transmitter is set too low

    - Name           : T7B03
      Question       : 'Which of the following can cause radio frequency interference?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Fundamental overload
      - Text         : Harmonics
      - Text         : Spurious emissions
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T7B04
      Question       : 'Which of the following is a way to reduce or eliminate interference from an amateur transmitter to a nearby telephone?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Put a filter on the amateur transmitter
      - Text         : Reduce the microphone gain
      - Text         : Reduce the SWR on the transmitter transmission line
      - Text         : Put an RF filter on the telephone

    - Name           : T7B05
      Question       : 'How can overload of a non-amateur radio or TV receiver by an amateur signal be reduced or eliminated?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Block the amateur signal with a filter at the antenna input of the affected receiver
      - Text         : Block the interfering signal with a filter on the amateur transmitter
      - Text         : Switch the transmitter from FM to SSB
      - Text         : 'Switch the transmitter to a narrow-band mode'

    - Name           : T7B06
      Question       : 'Which of the following actions should you take if a neighbor tells you that your station''s transmissions are interfering with their radio or TV reception?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Make sure that your station is functioning properly and that it does not cause interference to your own radio or television when it is tuned to the same channel
      - Text         : Immediately turn off your transmitter and contact the nearest FCC office for assistance
      - Text         : Tell them that your license gives you the right to transmit and nothing can be done to reduce the interference
      - Text         : Install a harmonic doubler on the output of your transmitter and tune it until the interference is eliminated

    - Name           : T7B07
      Question       : 'Which of the following can reduce overload to a VHF transceiver from a nearby FM broadcast station?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : RF preamplifier
      - Text         : 'Double-shielded coaxial cable'
      - Text         : Using headphones instead of the speaker
      - Text         : 'Band-reject filter'

    - Name           : T7B08
      Question       : 'What should you do if something in a neighbor''s home is causing harmful interference to your amateur station?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Work with your neighbor to identify the offending device
      - Text         : Politely inform your neighbor about the rules that prohibit the use of devices that cause interference
      - Text         : Check your station and make sure it meets the standards of good amateur practice
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T7B09
      Question       : 'What is a Part 15 device?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'An unlicensed device that may emit low-powered radio signals on frequencies used by a licensed service'
      - Text         : 'An amplifier that has been type-certified for amateur radio'
      - Text         : 'A device for long-distance communications using special codes sanctioned by the International Amateur Radio Union'
      - Text         : A type of test set used to determine whether a transmitter complies with FCC regulation 91.15

    - Name           : T7B10
      Question       : 'What might be a problem if you receive a report that your audio signal through the repeater is distorted or unintelligible?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Your transmitter is slightly off frequency
      - Text         : Your batteries are running low
      - Text         : You are in a bad location
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T7B11
      Question       : 'What is a symptom of RF feedback in a transmitter or transceiver?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Excessive SWR at the antenna connection
      - Text         : The transmitter will not stay on the desired frequency
      - Text         : 'Reports of garbled, distorted, or unintelligible voice transmissions'
      - Text         : Frequent blowing of power supply fuses

    - Name           : T7B12
      Question       : 'What should be the first step to resolve cable TV interference from your ham radio transmission?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Add a low-pass filter to the TV antenna input'
      - Text         : 'Add a high-pass filter to the TV antenna input'
      - Text         : Add a preamplifier to the TV antenna input
      - Text         : Be sure all TV coaxial connectors are installed properly

  - Group              : T7C
    gDescription       : 'Antenna measurements and troubleshooting: measuring SWR; dummy loads; coaxial cables; causes of feed line failures'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T7C01
      Question       : 'What is the primary purpose of a dummy load?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : To prevent transmitting signals over the air when making tests
      - Text         : 'To prevent over-modulation of a transmitter'
      - Text         : To improve the efficiency of an antenna
      - Text         : 'To improve the signal-to-noise ratio of a receiver'

    - Name           : T7C02
      Question       : 'Which of the following instruments can be used to determine if an antenna is resonant at the desired operating frequency?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : A VTVM
      - Text         : An antenna analyzer
      - Text         : A Q meter
      - Text         : A frequency counter

    - Name           : T7C03
      Question       : 'What, in general terms, is standing wave ratio (SWR)?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : A measure of how well a load is matched to a transmission line
      - Text         : The ratio of high to low impedance in a feed line
      - Text         : The transmitter efficiency ratio
      - Text         : "An indication of the quality of your station's ground connection"

    - Name           : T7C04
      Question       : 'What reading on an SWR meter indicates a perfect impedance match between the antenna and the feed line?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 2 to 1
      - Text         : 1 to 3
      - Text         : 1 to 1
      - Text         : 10 to 1

    - Name           : T7C05
      Question       : 'Why do most solid-state amateur radio transmitters reduce output power as SWR increases?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : To protect the output amplifier transistors
      - Text         : To comply with FCC rules on spectral purity
      - Text         : Because power supplies cannot supply enough current at high SWR
      - Text         : To improve the impedance match to the feed line

    - Name           : T7C06
      Question       : 'What does an SWR reading of 4:1 indicate?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Loss of -4 dB'
      - Text         : Good impedance match
      - Text         : Gain of +4 dB
      - Text         : Impedance mismatch

    - Name           : T7C07
      Question       : 'What happens to power lost in a feed line?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : It increases the SWR
      - Text         : It comes back into your transmitter and could cause damage
      - Text         : It is converted into heat
      - Text         : It can cause distortion of your signal

    - Name           : T7C08
      Question       : 'What instrument other than an SWR meter could you use to determine if a feed line and antenna are properly matched?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Voltmeter
      - Text         : Ohmmeter
      - Text         : Iambic pentameter
      - Text         : Directional wattmeter

    - Name           : T7C09
      Question       : 'Which of the following is the most common cause for failure of coaxial cables?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Moisture contamination
      - Text         : Gamma rays
      - Text         : The velocity factor exceeds 1.0
      - Text         : Overloading

    - Name           : T7C10
      Question       : 'Why should the outer jacket of coaxial cable be resistant to ultraviolet light?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Ultraviolet resistant jackets prevent harmonic radiation
      - Text         : "Ultraviolet light can increase losses in the cable's jacket"
      - Text         : 'Ultraviolet and RF signals can mix, causing interference'
      - Text         : Ultraviolet light can damage the jacket and allow water to enter the cable

    - Name           : T7C11
      Question       : 'What is a disadvantage of air core coaxial cable when compared to foam or solid dielectric types?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : It has more loss per foot
      - Text         : It cannot be used for VHF or UHF antennas
      - Text         : It requires special techniques to prevent water absorption
      - Text         : It cannot be used at below freezing temperatures

    - Name           : T7C12
      Question       : 'What does a dummy load consist of?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'A high-gain amplifier and a TR switch'
      - Text         : 'A non-inductive resistor and a heat sink'
      - Text         : 'A low-voltage power supply and a DC relay'
      - Text         : A 50 ohm reactance used to terminate a transmission line

  - Group              : T7D
    gDescription       : 'Basic repair and testing: soldering; using basic test instruments; connecting a voltmeter, ammeter, or ohmmeter'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T7D01
      Question       : 'Which instrument would you use to measure electric potential or electromotive force?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : An ammeter
      - Text         : A voltmeter
      - Text         : A wavemeter
      - Text         : An ohmmeter

    - Name           : T7D02
      Question       : 'What is the correct way to connect a voltmeter to a circuit?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : In series with the circuit
      - Text         : In parallel with the circuit
      - Text         : In quadrature with the circuit
      - Text         : In phase with the circuit

    - Name           : T7D03
      Question       : 'How is a simple ammeter connected to a circuit?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : In series with the circuit
      - Text         : In parallel with the circuit
      - Text         : In quadrature with the circuit
      - Text         : In phase with the circuit

    - Name           : T7D04
      Question       : 'Which instrument is used to measure electric current?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : An ohmmeter
      - Text         : A wavemeter
      - Text         : A voltmeter
      - Text         : An ammeter

    - Name           : T7D05
      Question       : 'What instrument is used to measure resistance?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : An oscilloscope
      - Text         : A spectrum analyzer
      - Text         : A noise bridge
      - Text         : An ohmmeter

    - Name           : T7D06
      Question       : 'Which of the following might damage a multimeter?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Measuring a voltage too small for the chosen scale
      - Text         : Leaving the meter in the milliamps position overnight
      - Text         : Attempting to measure voltage when using the resistance setting
      - Text         : Not allowing it to warm up properly

    - Name           : T7D07
      Question       : 'Which of the following measurements are commonly made using a multimeter?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : SWR and RF power
      - Text         : Signal strength and noise
      - Text         : Impedance and reactance
      - Text         : Voltage and resistance

    - Name           : T7D08
      Question       : 'Which of the following types of solder is best for radio and electronic use?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Acid-core solder'
      - Text         : Silver solder
      - Text         : 'Rosin-core solder'
      - Text         : Aluminum solder

    - Name           : T7D09
      Question       : 'What is the characteristic appearance of a cold solder joint?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Dark black spots
      - Text         : A bright or shiny surface
      - Text         : A grainy or dull surface
      - Text         : A greenish tint

    - Name           : T7D10
      Question       : 'What is probably happening when an ohmmeter, connected across an unpowered circuit, initially indicates a low resistance and then shows increasing resistance with time?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The ohmmeter is defective
      - Text         : The circuit contains a large capacitor
      - Text         : The circuit contains a large inductor
      - Text         : The circuit is a relaxation oscillator

    - Name           : T7D11
      Question       : 'Which of the following precautions should be taken when measuring circuit resistance with an ohmmeter?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Ensure that the applied voltages are correct
      - Text         : Ensure that the circuit is not powered
      - Text         : Ensure that the circuit is grounded
      - Text         : Ensure that the circuit is operating at the correct frequency

    - Name           : T7D12
      Question       : 'Which of the following precautions should be taken when measuring high voltages with a voltmeter?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Ensure that the voltmeter has very low impedance
      - Text         : Ensure that the voltmeter and leads are rated for use at the voltages to be measured
      - Text         : Ensure that the circuit is grounded through the voltmeter
      - Text         : Ensure that the voltmeter is set to the correct frequency

- Subelement         : T8
  sDescription       : 'Modulation Modes: Amateur Satellite Operation; Operating Activities; Non-voice and Digital Communications'
  nExpectedGroups    : 4
  nExpectedQuestions : 48
  Groups             :

  - Group              : T8A
    gDescription       : 'Modulation modes: bandwidth of various signals; choice of emission type'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T8A01
      Question       : 'Which of the following is a form of amplitude modulation?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Spread spectrum
      - Text         : Packet radio
      - Text         : Single sideband
      - Text         : Phase shift keying (PSK)

    - Name           : T8A02
      Question       : 'What type of modulation is most commonly used for VHF packet radio transmissions?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : FM
      - Text         : SSB
      - Text         : AM
      - Text         : PSK

    - Name           : T8A03
      Question       : 'Which type of voice mode is most often used for long-distance (weak signal) contacts on the VHF and UHF bands?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : FM
      - Text         : DRM
      - Text         : SSB
      - Text         : PM

    - Name           : T8A04
      Question       : 'Which type of modulation is most commonly used for VHF and UHF voice repeaters?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : AM
      - Text         : SSB
      - Text         : PSK
      - Text         : FM

    - Name           : T8A05
      Question       : 'Which of the following types of emission has the narrowest bandwidth?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : FM voice
      - Text         : SSB voice
      - Text         : CW
      - Text         : 'Slow-scan TV'

    - Name           : T8A06
      Question       : 'Which sideband is normally used for 10 meter HF, VHF, and UHF single-sideband communications?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Upper sideband
      - Text         : Lower sideband
      - Text         : Suppressed sideband
      - Text         : Inverted sideband

    - Name           : T8A07
      Question       : 'What is an advantage of single sideband (SSB) over FM for voice transmissions?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : SSB signals are easier to tune
      - Text         : SSB signals are less susceptible to interference
      - Text         : SSB signals have narrower bandwidth
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T8A08
      Question       : 'What is the approximate bandwidth of a single sideband (SSB) voice signal?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 1 kHz
      - Text         : 3 kHz
      - Text         : 6 kHz
      - Text         : 15 kHz

    - Name           : T8A09
      Question       : 'What is the approximate bandwidth of a VHF repeater FM phone signal?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Less than 500 Hz
      - Text         : About 150 kHz
      - Text         : Between 10 and 15 kHz
      - Text         : Between 50 and 125 kHz

    - Name           : T8A10
      Question       : 'What is the typical bandwidth of analog fast-scan TV transmissions on the 70 centimeter band?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : More than 10 MHz
      - Text         : About 6 MHz
      - Text         : About 3 MHz
      - Text         : About 1 MHz

    - Name           : T8A11
      Question       : 'What is the approximate maximum bandwidth required to transmit a CW signal?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 2.4 kHz
      - Text         : 150 Hz
      - Text         : 1000 Hz
      - Text         : 15 kHz

  - Group              : T8B
    gDescription       : Amateur satellite operation; Doppler shift; basic orbits; operating protocols; transmitter power considerations; telemetry and telecommand; satellite tracking
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T8B01
      Question       : 'What telemetry information is typically transmitted by satellite beacons?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The signal strength of received signals
      - Text         : Time of day accurate to plus or minus 1/10 second
      - Text         : Health and status of the satellite
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T8B02
      Question       : 'What is the impact of using too much effective radiated power on a satellite uplink?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Possibility of commanding the satellite to an improper mode
      - Text         : Blocking access by other users
      - Text         : Overloading the satellite batteries
      - Text         : Possibility of rebooting the satellite control computer

    - Name           : T8B03
      Question       : 'Which of the following are provided by satellite tracking programs?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Maps showing the real-time position of the satellite track over the earth'
      - Text         : 'The time, azimuth, and elevation of the start, maximum altitude, and end of a pass'
      - Text         : 'The apparent frequency of the satellite transmission, including effects of Doppler shift'
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T8B04
      Question       : 'What mode of transmission is commonly used by amateur radio satellites?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : SSB
      - Text         : FM
      - Text         : CW/data
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T8B05
      Question       : 'What is a satellite beacon?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The primary transmit antenna on the satellite
      - Text         : An indicator light that shows where to point your antenna
      - Text         : A reflective surface on the satellite
      - Text         : A transmission from a satellite that contains status information

    - Name           : T8B06
      Question       : 'Which of the following are inputs to a satellite tracking program?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The weight of the satellite
      - Text         : The Keplerian elements
      - Text         : The last observed time of zero Doppler shift
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T8B07
      Question       : 'With regard to satellite communications, what is Doppler shift?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : A change in the satellite orbit
      - Text         : A mode where the satellite receives signals on one band and transmits on another
      - Text         : An observed change in signal frequency caused by relative motion between the satellite and the earth station
      - Text         : A special digital communications mode for some satellites

    - Name           : T8B08
      Question       : 'What is meant by the statement that a satellite is operating in mode U/V?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The satellite uplink is in the 15 meter band and the downlink is in the 10 meter band
      - Text         : The satellite uplink is in the 70 centimeter band and the downlink is in the 2 meter band
      - Text         : The satellite operates using ultraviolet frequencies
      - Text         : The satellite frequencies are usually variable

    - Name           : T8B09
      Question       : 'What causes spin fading of satellite signals?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Circular polarized noise interference radiated from the sun
      - Text         : Rotation of the satellite and its antennas
      - Text         : Doppler shift of the received signal
      - Text         : Interfering signals within the satellite uplink band

    - Name           : T8B10
      Question       : 'What do the initials LEO tell you about an amateur satellite?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The satellite battery is in Low Energy Operation mode
      - Text         : The satellite is performing a Lunar Ejection Orbit maneuver
      - Text         : The satellite is in a Low Earth Orbit
      - Text         : The satellite uses Light Emitting Optics

    - Name           : T8B11
      Question       : 'Who may receive telemetry from a space station?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Anyone who can receive the telemetry signal
      - Text         : A licensed radio amateur with a transmitter equipped for interrogating the satellite
      - Text         : A licensed radio amateur who has been certified by the protocol developer
      - Text         : A licensed radio amateur who has registered for an access code from AMSAT

    - Name           : T8B12
      Question       : 'Which of the following is a good way to judge whether your uplink power is neither too low nor too high?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Check your signal strength report in the telemetry data
      - Text         : Listen for distortion on your downlink signal
      - Text         : Your signal strength on the downlink should be about the same as the beacon
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

  - Group              : T8C
    gDescription       : 'Operating activities: radio direction finding; radio control; contests; linking over the internet; grid locators'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T8C01
      Question       : 'Which of the following methods is used to locate sources of noise interference or jamming?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Echolocation
      - Text         : Doppler radar
      - Text         : Radio direction finding
      - Text         : Phase locking

    - Name           : T8C02
      Question       : 'Which of these items would be useful for a hidden transmitter hunt?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Calibrated SWR meter
      - Text         : A directional antenna
      - Text         : A calibrated noise bridge
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T8C03
      Question       : 'What operating activity involves contacting as many stations as possible during a specified period?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Contesting
      - Text         : Net operations
      - Text         : Public service events
      - Text         : Simulated emergency exercises

    - Name           : T8C04
      Question       : 'Which of the following is good procedure when contacting another station in a radio contest?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Sign only the last two letters of your call if there are many other stations calling
      - Text         : Contact the station twice to be sure that you are in his log
      - Text         : Send only the minimum information needed for proper identification and the contest exchange
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T8C05
      Question       : 'What is a grid locator?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'A letter-number designator assigned to a geographic location'
      - Text         : 'A letter-number designator assigned to an azimuth and elevation'
      - Text         : An instrument for neutralizing a final amplifier
      - Text         : An instrument for radio direction finding

    - Name           : T8C06
      Question       : 'How is access to some IRLP nodes accomplished?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : By obtaining a password that is sent via voice to the node
      - Text         : By using DTMF signals
      - Text         : By entering the proper internet password
      - Text         : By using CTCSS tone codes

    - Name           : T8C07
      Question       : 'What is meant by Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP) as used in amateur radio?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : A set of rules specifying how to identify your station when linked over the internet to another station
      - Text         : A set of guidelines for contacting DX stations during contests using internet access
      - Text         : A technique for measuring the modulation quality of a transmitter using remote sites monitored via the internet
      - Text         : A method of delivering voice communications over the internet using digital techniques

    - Name           : T8C08
      Question       : 'What is the Internet Radio Linking Project (IRLP)?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'A technique to connect amateur radio systems, such as repeaters, via the internet using Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP)'
      - Text         : A system for providing access to websites via amateur radio
      - Text         : A system for informing amateurs in real time of the frequency of active DX stations
      - Text         : A technique for measuring signal strength of an amateur transmitter via the internet

    - Name           : T8C09
      Question       : 'How might you obtain a list of active nodes that use VoIP?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : By subscribing to an on line service
      - Text         : From on line repeater lists maintained by the local repeater frequency coordinator
      - Text         : From a repeater directory
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T8C10
      Question       : 'What must be done before you may use the EchoLink system to communicate using a repeater?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : You must complete the required EchoLink training
      - Text         : You must have purchased a license to use the EchoLink software
      - Text         : You must be sponsored by a current EchoLink user
      - Text         : You must register your call sign and provide proof of license

    - Name           : T8C11
      Question       : 'What name is given to an amateur radio station that is used to connect other amateur stations to the internet?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : A gateway
      - Text         : A repeater
      - Text         : A digipeater
      - Text         : A beacon

  - Group              : T8D
    gDescription       : 'Non-voice and digital communications: image signals; digital modes; CW; packet radio; PSK31; APRS; error detection and correction; NTSC; amateur radio networking; Digital Mobile/Migration Radio'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T8D01
      Question       : 'Which of the following is a digital communications mode?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Packet radio
      - Text         : IEEE 802.11
      - Text         : JT65
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T8D02
      Question       : 'What does the term "APRS" mean?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Automatic Packet Reporting System
      - Text         : Associated Public Radio Station
      - Text         : 'Auto Planning Radio Set-up'
      - Text         : Advanced Polar Radio System

    - Name           : T8D03
      Question       : 'Which of the following devices is used to provide data to the transmitter when sending automatic position reports from a mobile amateur radio station?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The vehicle speedometer
      - Text         : A WWV receiver
      - Text         : 'A connection to a broadcast FM sub-carrier receiver'
      - Text         : A Global Positioning System receiver

    - Name           : T8D04
      Question       : 'What type of transmission is indicated by the term "NTSC?"'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : A Normal Transmission mode in Static Circuit
      - Text         : A special mode for earth satellite uplink
      - Text         : An analog fast scan color TV signal
      - Text         : A frame compression scheme for TV signals

    - Name           : T8D05
      Question       : 'Which of the following is an application of APRS (Automatic Packet Reporting System)?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Providing real-time tactical digital communications in conjunction with a map showing the locations of stations'
      - Text         : Showing automatically the number of packets transmitted via PACTOR during a specific time interval
      - Text         : Providing voice over internet connection between repeaters
      - Text         : Providing information on the number of stations signed into a repeater

    - Name           : T8D06
      Question       : 'What does the abbreviation "PSK" mean?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Pulse Shift Keying
      - Text         : Phase Shift Keying
      - Text         : Packet Short Keying
      - Text         : Phased Slide Keying

    - Name           : T8D07
      Question       : 'Which of the following best describes DMR (Digital Mobile Radio)?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'A technique for time-multiplexing two digital voice signals on a single 12.5 kHz repeater channel'
      - Text         : An automatic position tracking mode for FM mobiles communicating through repeaters
      - Text         : 'An automatic computer logging technique for hands-off logging when communicating while operating a vehicle'
      - Text         : A digital technique for transmitting on two repeater inputs simultaneously for automatic error correction

    - Name           : T8D08
      Question       : 'Which of the following may be included in packet transmissions?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : A check sum that permits error detection
      - Text         : A header that contains the call sign of the station to which the information is being sent
      - Text         : Automatic repeat request in case of error
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T8D09
      Question       : 'What code is used when sending CW in the amateur bands?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Baudot
      - Text         : Hamming
      - Text         : International Morse
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T8D10
      Question       : 'Which of the following operating activities is supported by digital mode software in the WSJT suite?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Moonbounce or Earth-Moon-Earth'
      - Text         : 'Weak-signal propagation beacons'
      - Text         : Meteor scatter
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T8D11
      Question       : 'What is an ARQ transmission system?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : A special transmission format limited to video signals
      - Text         : A system used to encrypt command signals to an amateur radio satellite
      - Text         : A digital scheme whereby the receiving station detects errors and sends a request to the sending station to retransmit the information
      - Text         : A method of compressing the data in a message so more information can be sent in a shorter time

    - Name           : T8D12
      Question       : 'Which of the following best describes Broadband-Hamnet(TM), also referred to as a high-speed multi-media network?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'An amateur-radio-based data network using commercial Wi-Fi gear with modified firmware'
      - Text         : 'A wide-bandwidth digital voice mode employing DRM protocols'
      - Text         : A satellite communications network using modified commercial satellite TV hardware
      - Text         : An internet linking protocol used to network repeaters

    - Name           : T8D13
      Question       : 'What is FT8?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : A wideband FM voice mode
      - Text         : 'A digital mode capable of operating in low signal-to-noise conditions that transmits on 15-second intervals'
      - Text         : An eight channel multiplex mode for FM repeaters
      - Text         : A digital slow scan TV mode with forward error correction and automatic color compensation

    - Name           : T8D14
      Question       : 'What is an electronic keyer?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : A device for switching antennas from transmit to receive
      - Text         : A device for voice activated switching from receive to transmit
      - Text         : A device that assists in manual sending of Morse code
      - Text         : An interlock to prevent unauthorized use of a radio

- Subelement         : T9
  sDescription       : Antennas and Feed Lines
  nExpectedGroups    : 2
  nExpectedQuestions : 23
  Groups             :

  - Group              : T9A
    gDescription       : 'Antennas: vertical and horizontal polarization; concept of gain; common portable and mobile antennas; relationships between resonant length and frequency; concept of dipole antennas'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T9A01
      Question       : 'What is a beam antenna?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'An antenna built from aluminum I-beams'
      - Text         : An omnidirectional antenna invented by Clarence Beam
      - Text         : An antenna that concentrates signals in one direction
      - Text         : An antenna that reverses the phase of received signals

    - Name           : T9A02
      Question       : 'Which of the following describes a type of antenna loading?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Inserting an inductor in the radiating portion of the antenna to make it electrically longer
      - Text         : Inserting a resistor in the radiating portion of the antenna to make it resonant
      - Text         : Installing a spring in the base of a mobile vertical antenna to make it more flexible
      - Text         : Strengthening the radiating elements of a beam antenna to better resist wind damage

    - Name           : T9A03
      Question       : 'Which of the following describes a simple dipole oriented parallel to the Earth''s surface?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'A ground-wave antenna'
      - Text         : A horizontally polarized antenna
      - Text         : A rhombic antenna
      - Text         : A vertically polarized antenna

    - Name           : T9A04
      Question       : 'What is a disadvantage of the "rubber duck" antenna supplied with most handheld radio transceivers when compared to a full-sized quarter-wave antenna?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : It does not transmit or receive as effectively
      - Text         : It transmits only circularly polarized signals
      - Text         : 'If the rubber end cap is lost, it will unravel very easily'
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T9A05
      Question       : 'How would you change a dipole antenna to make it resonant on a higher frequency?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Lengthen it
      - Text         : Insert coils in series with radiating wires
      - Text         : Shorten it
      - Text         : Add capacitive loading to the ends of the radiating wires

    - Name           : T9A06
      Question       : 'What type of antennas are the quad, Yagi, and dish?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Non-resonant antennas'
      - Text         : Log periodic antennas
      - Text         : Directional antennas
      - Text         : Isotropic antennas

    - Name           : T9A07
      Question       : 'What is a disadvantage of using a handheld VHF transceiver, with its integral antenna, inside a vehicle?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Signals might not propagate well due to the shielding effect of the vehicle
      - Text         : It might cause the transceiver to overheat
      - Text         : 'The SWR might decrease, decreasing the signal strength'
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T9A08
      Question       : 'What is the approximate length, in inches, of a quarter-wavelength vertical antenna for 146 MHz?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 112
      - Text         : 50
      - Text         : 19
      - Text         : 12

    - Name           : T9A09
      Question       : 'What is the approximate length, in inches, of a half-wavelength 6 meter dipole antenna?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 6
      - Text         : 50
      - Text         : 112
      - Text         : 236

    - Name           : T9A10
      Question       : 'In which direction does a half-wave dipole antenna radiate the strongest signal?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Equally in all directions
      - Text         : Off the ends of the antenna
      - Text         : Broadside to the antenna
      - Text         : In the direction of the feed line

    - Name           : T9A11
      Question       : 'What is the gain of an antenna?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The additional power that is added to the transmitter power
      - Text         : The additional power that is lost in the antenna when transmitting on a higher frequency
      - Text         : The increase in signal strength in a specified direction compared to a reference antenna
      - Text         : The increase in impedance on receive or transmit compared to a reference antenna

    - Name           : T9A12
      Question       : 'What is an advantage of using a properly mounted 5/8 wavelength antenna for VHF or UHF mobile service?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : It has a lower radiation angle and more gain than a 1/4 wavelength antenna
      - Text         : It has very high angle radiation for better communicating through a repeater
      - Text         : It eliminates distortion caused by reflected signals
      - Text         : It has 10 times the power gain of a 1/4 wavelength design

  - Group              : T9B
    gDescription       : 'Feed lines: types, attenuation vs frequency, selecting; SWR concepts; Antenna tuners (couplers); RF Connectors: selecting, weather protection'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T9B01
      Question       : 'Why is it important to have low SWR when using coaxial cable feed line?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : To reduce television interference
      - Text         : To reduce signal loss
      - Text         : To prolong antenna life
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T9B02
      Question       : 'What is the impedance of most coaxial cables used in amateur radio installations?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 8 ohms
      - Text         : 50 ohms
      - Text         : 600 ohms
      - Text         : 12 ohms

    - Name           : T9B03
      Question       : 'Why is coaxial cable the most common feed line selected for amateur radio antenna systems?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : It is easy to use and requires few special installation considerations
      - Text         : It has less loss than any other type of feed line
      - Text         : It can handle more power than any other type of feed line
      - Text         : It is less expensive than any other type of feed line

    - Name           : T9B04
      Question       : 'What is the major function of an antenna tuner (antenna coupler)?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : "It matches the antenna system impedance to the transceiver's output impedance"
      - Text         : It helps a receiver automatically tune in weak stations
      - Text         : It allows an antenna to be used on both transmit and receive
      - Text         : It automatically selects the proper antenna for the frequency band being used

    - Name           : T9B05
      Question       : 'In general, what happens as the frequency of a signal passing through coaxial cable is increased?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The characteristic impedance decreases
      - Text         : The loss decreases
      - Text         : The characteristic impedance increases
      - Text         : The loss increases

    - Name           : T9B06
      Question       : 'Which of the following connectors is most suitable for frequencies above 400 MHz?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'A UHF (PL-259/SO-239) connector'
      - Text         : A Type N connector
      - Text         : 'An RS-213 connector'
      - Text         : 'A DB-25 connector'

    - Name           : T9B07
      Question       : 'Which of the following is true of PL-259 type coax connectors?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : They are preferred for microwave operation
      - Text         : They are watertight
      - Text         : They are commonly used at HF frequencies
      - Text         : They are a bayonet type connector

    - Name           : T9B08
      Question       : 'Why should coax connectors exposed to the weather be sealed against water intrusion?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : To prevent an increase in feed line loss
      - Text         : To prevent interference to telephones
      - Text         : To keep the jacket from becoming loose
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T9B09
      Question       : 'What can cause erratic changes in SWR readings?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The transmitter is being modulated
      - Text         : A loose connection in an antenna or a feed line
      - Text         : 'The transmitter is being over-modulated'
      - Text         : Interference from other stations is distorting your signal

    - Name           : T9B10
      Question       : 'What is the electrical difference between RG-58 and RG-8 coaxial cable?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : There is no significant difference between the two types
      - Text         : 'RG-58 cable has two shields'
      - Text         : 'RG-8 cable has less loss at a given frequency'
      - Text         : 'RG-58 cable can handle higher power levels'

    - Name           : T9B11
      Question       : 'Which of the following types of feed line has the lowest loss at VHF and UHF?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : '50-ohm flexible coax'
      - Text         : 'Multi-conductor unbalanced cable'
      - Text         : 'Air-insulated hard line'
      - Text         : '75-ohm flexible coax'

- Subelement         : T0
  sDescription       : 'Electrical Safety: Ac and Dc Power Circuits; Antenna Installation; RF Hazards'
  nExpectedGroups    : 3
  nExpectedQuestions : 37
  Groups             :

  - Group              : T0A
    gDescription       : 'Power circuits and hazards: hazardous voltages; fuses and circuit breakers; grounding; lightning protection; battery safety; electrical code compliance'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T0A01
      Question       : 'Which of the following is a safety hazard of a 12-volt storage battery?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Touching both terminals with the hands can cause electrical shock
      - Text         : 'Shorting the terminals can cause burns, fire, or an explosion'
      - Text         : RF emissions from the battery
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T0A02
      Question       : 'What health hazard is presented by electrical current flowing through the body?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : It may cause injury by heating tissue
      - Text         : It may disrupt the electrical functions of cells
      - Text         : It may cause involuntary muscle contractions
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T0A03
      Question       : 'In the United States, what is connected to the green wire in a three-wire electrical AC plug?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Neutral
      - Text         : Hot
      - Text         : Equipment ground
      - Text         : The white wire

    - Name           : T0A04
      Question       : 'What is the purpose of a fuse in an electrical circuit?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : To prevent power supply ripple from damaging a circuit
      - Text         : To interrupt power in case of overload
      - Text         : To limit current to prevent shocks
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T0A05
      Question       : 'Why is it unwise to install a 20-ampere fuse in the place of a 5-ampere fuse?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The larger fuse would be likely to blow because it is rated for higher current
      - Text         : The power supply ripple would greatly increase
      - Text         : Excessive current could cause a fire
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T0A06
      Question       : 'What is a good way to guard against electrical shock at your station?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Use three-wire cords and plugs for all AC powered equipment'
      - Text         : Connect all AC powered station equipment to a common safety ground
      - Text         : 'Use a circuit protected by a ground-fault interrupter'
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T0A07
      Question       : 'Which of these precautions should be taken when installing devices for lightning protection in a coaxial cable feed line?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Include a parallel bypass switch for each protector so that it can be switched out of the circuit when running high power
      - Text         : Include a series switch in the ground line of each protector to prevent RF overload from inadvertently damaging the protector
      - Text         : Keep the ground wires from each protector separate and connected to station ground
      - Text         : Mount all of the protectors on a metal plate that is in turn connected to an external ground rod

    - Name           : T0A08
      Question       : 'What safety equipment should always be included in home-built equipment that is powered from 120V AC power circuits?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : A fuse or circuit breaker in series with the AC hot conductor
      - Text         : An AC voltmeter across the incoming power source
      - Text         : An inductor in parallel with the AC power source
      - Text         : A capacitor in series with the AC power source

    - Name           : T0A09
      Question       : 'What should be done to all external ground rods or earth connections?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Waterproof them with silicone caulk or electrical tape
      - Text         : Keep them as far apart as possible
      - Text         : Bond them together with heavy wire or conductive strap
      - Text         : Tune them for resonance on the lowest frequency of operation

    - Name           : T0A10
      Question       : 'What can happen if a lead-acid storage battery is charged or discharged too quickly?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'The battery could overheat, give off flammable gas, or explode'
      - Text         : The voltage can become reversed
      - Text         : The memory effect will reduce the capacity of the battery
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T0A11
      Question       : 'What kind of hazard might exist in a power supply when it is turned off and disconnected?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Static electricity could damage the grounding system
      - Text         : Circulating currents inside the transformer might cause damage
      - Text         : The fuse might blow if you remove the cover
      - Text         : You might receive an electric shock from the charge stored in large capacitors

  - Group              : T0B
    gDescription       : 'Antenna safety: tower safety and grounding; erecting an antenna support; safely installing an antenna'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T0B01
      Question       : 'When should members of a tower work team wear a hard hat and safety glasses?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : At all times except when climbing the tower
      - Text         : At all times except when belted firmly to the tower
      - Text         : At all times when any work is being done on the tower
      - Text         : Only when the tower exceeds 30 feet in height

    - Name           : T0B02
      Question       : 'What is a good precaution to observe before climbing an antenna tower?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Make sure that you wear a grounded wrist strap
      - Text         : Remove all tower grounding connections
      - Text         : Put on a carefully inspected climbing harness(fall arrester)and safety glasses
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T0B03
      Question       : 'Under what circumstances is it safe to climb a tower without a helper or observer?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : When no electrical work is being performed
      - Text         : When no mechanical work is being performed
      - Text         : When the work being done is not more than 20 feet above the ground
      - Text         : Never

    - Name           : T0B04
      Question       : 'Which of the following is an important safety precaution to observe when putting up an antenna tower?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Wear a ground strap connected to your wrist at all times
      - Text         : Insulate the base of the tower to avoid lightning strikes
      - Text         : Look for and stay clear of any overhead electrical wires
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T0B05
      Question       : 'What is the purpose of a gin pole?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : To temporarily replace guy wires
      - Text         : To be used in place of a safety harness
      - Text         : To lift tower sections or antennas
      - Text         : To provide a temporary ground

    - Name           : T0B06
      Question       : 'What is the minimum safe distance from a power line to allow when installing an antenna?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Half the width of your property
      - Text         : The height of the power line above ground
      - Text         : 1/2 wavelength at the operating frequency
      - Text         : 'Enough so that if the antenna falls unexpectedly, no part of it can come closer than 10 feet to the power wires'

    - Name           : T0B07
      Question       : 'Which of the following is an important safety rule to remember when using a crank-up tower?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : This type of tower must never be painted
      - Text         : This type of tower must never be grounded
      - Text         : This type of tower must not be climbed unless retracted or mechanical safety locking devices have been installed
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T0B08
      Question       : 'What is considered to be a proper grounding method for a tower?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'A single four-foot ground rod, driven into the ground no more than 12 inches from the base'
      - Text         : 'A ferrite-core RF choke connected between the tower and ground'
      - Text         : 'Separate eight-foot long ground rods for each tower leg, bonded to the tower and each other'
      - Text         : A connection between the tower base and a cold water pipe

    - Name           : T0B09
      Question       : 'Why should you avoid attaching an antenna to a utility pole?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The antenna will not work properly because of induced voltages
      - Text         : The utility company will charge you an extra monthly fee
      - Text         : 'The antenna could contact high-voltage power lines'
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T0B10
      Question       : 'Which of the following is true when installing grounding conductors used for lightning protection?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 'Only non-insulated wire must be used'
      - Text         : 'Wires must be carefully routed with precise right-angle bends'
      - Text         : Sharp bends must be avoided
      - Text         : Common grounds must be avoided

    - Name           : T0B11
      Question       : 'Which of the following establishes grounding requirements for an amateur radio tower or antenna?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : FCC Part 97 Rules
      - Text         : Local electrical codes
      - Text         : FAA tower lighting regulations
      - Text         : UL recommended practices

    - Name           : T0B12
      Question       : 'Which of the following is good practice when installing ground wires on a tower for lightning protection?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Put a loop in the ground connection to prevent water damage to the ground system
      - Text         : 'Make sure that all bends in the ground wires are clean, right-angle bends'
      - Text         : Ensure that connections are short and direct
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T0B13
      Question       : 'What is the purpose of a safety wire through a turnbuckle used to tension guy lines?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Secure the guy if the turnbuckle breaks
      - Text         : Prevent loosening of the guy line from vibration
      - Text         : Prevent theft or vandalism
      - Text         : Deter unauthorized climbing of the tower

  - Group              : T0C
    gDescription       : 'RF hazards: radiation exposure; proximity to antennas; recognized safe power levels; exposure to others; radiation types; duty cycle'
    Questions          :

    - Name           : T0C01
      Question       : 'What type of radiation are VHF and UHF radio signals?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Gamma radiation
      - Text         : Ionizing radiation
      - Text         : Alpha radiation
      - Text         : 'Non-ionizing radiation'

    - Name           : T0C02
      Question       : 'Which of the following frequencies has the lowest value for Maximum Permissible Exposure limit?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 3.5 MHz
      - Text         : 50 MHz
      - Text         : 440 MHz
      - Text         : 1296 MHz

    - Name           : T0C03
      Question       : 'What is the maximum power level that an amateur radio station may use at VHF frequencies before an RF exposure evaluation is required?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 1500 watts PEP transmitter output
      - Text         : 1 watt forward power
      - Text         : 50 watts PEP at the antenna
      - Text         : 50 watts PEP reflected power

    - Name           : T0C04
      Question       : 'What factors affect the RF exposure of people near an amateur station antenna?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Frequency and power level of the RF field
      - Text         : Distance from the antenna to a person
      - Text         : Radiation pattern of the antenna
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T0C05
      Question       : 'Why do exposure limits vary with frequency?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Lower frequency RF fields have more energy than higher frequency fields
      - Text         : Lower frequency RF fields do not penetrate the human body
      - Text         : Higher frequency RF fields are transient in nature
      - Text         : The human body absorbs more RF energy at some frequencies than at others

    - Name           : T0C06
      Question       : 'Which of the following is an acceptable method to determine that your station complies with FCC RF exposure regulations?'
      Answer         : D
      Choices        :
      - Text         : By calculation based on FCC OET Bulletin 65
      - Text         : By calculation based on computer modeling
      - Text         : By measurement of field strength using calibrated equipment
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T0C07
      Question       : 'What could happen if a person accidentally touched your antenna while you were transmitting?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Touching the antenna could cause television interference
      - Text         : They might receive a painful RF burn
      - Text         : They might develop radiation poisoning
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T0C08
      Question       : 'Which of the following actions might amateur operators take to prevent exposure to RF radiation in excess of FCC-supplied limits?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : Relocate antennas
      - Text         : Relocate the transmitter
      - Text         : Increase the duty cycle
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T0C09
      Question       : 'How can you make sure your station stays in compliance with RF safety regulations?'
      Answer         : B
      Choices        :
      - Text         : By informing the FCC of any changes made in your station
      - Text         : 'By re-evaluating the station whenever an item of equipment is changed'
      - Text         : By making sure your antennas have low SWR
      - Text         : All of these choices are correct

    - Name           : T0C10
      Question       : 'Why is duty cycle one of the factors used to determine safe RF radiation exposure levels?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : It affects the average exposure of people to radiation
      - Text         : It affects the peak exposure of people to radiation
      - Text         : It takes into account the antenna feed line loss
      - Text         : It takes into account the thermal effects of the final amplifier

    - Name           : T0C11
      Question       : 'What is the definition of duty cycle during the averaging time for RF exposure?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : The difference between the lowest power output and the highest power output of a transmitter
      - Text         : The difference between the PEP and average power output of a transmitter
      - Text         : The percentage of time that a transmitter is transmitting
      - Text         : The percentage of time that a transmitter is not transmitting

    - Name           : T0C12
      Question       : 'How does RF radiation differ from ionizing radiation (radioactivity)?'
      Answer         : A
      Choices        :
      - Text         : RF radiation does not have sufficient energy to cause genetic damage
      - Text         : RF radiation can only be detected with an RF dosimeter
      - Text         : RF radiation is limited in range to a few feet
      - Text         : RF radiation is perfectly safe

    - Name           : T0C13
      Question       : 'If the averaging time for exposure is 6 minutes, how much power density is permitted if the signal is present for 3 minutes and absent for 3 minutes rather than being present for the entire 6 minutes?'
      Answer         : C
      Choices        :
      - Text         : 3 times as much
      - Text         : 1/2 as much
      - Text         : 2 times as much
      - Text         : There is no adjustment allowed for shorter exposure times

